Electrical generator

Less Fuel, Issue Brief Number IB74057, Library of Congress Congressional

Research Service, 1981, retrieved from http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/permalink/meta-crs-8402:1 July 18,2008
2. Horst Bauer Bosch Automotive Handbook 4th Edition Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart 1996 ISBN 0-8376-0333-1, page 813
3. Rudolf F. Graf, "Dictionary of Electronics; Radio Shack, 1974-75". Fort Worth, Texas.
4. Nikola Tesla, "Notes on a Unipolar Dynamo". The Electrical Engineer, N.Y., Sept. 2, 1891. (Also available at tesla.hu, Article 18910902)
5. Rudolf F. Graf, "Dictionary of Electronics; Radio Shack, 1974-75". Fort Worth, Texas.
6. Thomas Valone, "Harnessing the Wheelwork of Nature : Tesla's Science of Energy", The Homopolar Generator: Tesla's Contribution. ISBN 1-931882-04-5 (ed. originally presented in the Proceedings of International Tesla Symposium, 1986, p. 6-29)
7. Hannes Alfvén and Carl-Gunne Fälthammar, Cosmical Electrodynamics (1963) 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press. See sec. 1.3.1. Induced electric field in uniformly moving matter.
8. Hill, T. W.; Dessler, A. J.; Rassbach, M. E., "Aurora on Uranus - A Faraday disc dynamo mechanism" (1983) Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633), vol. 31, Oct. 1983, p. 1187-1198
9. Hannes Alfvén, "Sur l'origine de la radiation cosmique" (On the origin of cosmic radiation)" Comptes Rendus, 204, pp.1180-1181 (1937)
Hakala, Pasi et al, "Spin up in RX J0806+15: the shortest period binary" (2003) Monthly Notice of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 343, Issue 1, pp. L10-L14
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13. Per Carlqvist, "Cosmic electric currents and the generalized Bennett relation" (1988) Astrophysics and Space Science (ISSN 0004-640X), vol. 144, no. 1-2, May 1988, p. 73-84.

References:

(1969) Astrophys. J., vol. 156, p. 59-78 (1969).
15. Strobel,

Darrell F.; et al, "Hubble Space Telescope Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph Search for an Atmosphere on Callisto: A Jovian Unipolar Inductor" (2002) The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 581, Issue 1, pp. L51-L54
16. "Sonett, C. P.; Colburn, D. S., "Establishment of a Lunar Unipolar Generator and Associated Shock and Wake by the Solar Wind" (1967) Nature, vol. 216, 340-343.
17. Schwartz, K.; Sonett, C. P.; Colburn, D. S., "Unipolar Induction in the Moon and a Lunar Limb Shock Mechanism" in The Moon, Vol. 1, p.7
18. Srnka, L. J., "Sheath-limited unipolar induction in the solar wind" (1975) Astrophysics and Space Science', vol. 36, Aug. 1975, p. 177-204.
19. Yang, Hai-Shou, "A force - free field theory of solar flares I. Unipolar sunspots" Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics, Volume 5, Issue 1, p. 77-83.
20. Osherovich, V. A.; Garcia, H. A., "Electric current in a unipolar sunspot with an untwisted field" (1990) Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276), vol. 17, Nov. 1990, p. 2273-2276.
21. Eroshenko, E. G., "Unipolar induction effects in the Venusian magnetic tail" (1979) Kosmicheskie Issledovaniia, vol. 17, Jan.-Feb. 1979, p. 93-10
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to electrical one, generally using electromagnetic induction.

done by a motor. Motors and generators have many similarities

in its constructions .

turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel,

an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, or any other source of mechanical energy.

power for industry. The dynamo uses electromagnetic principles to convert

mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through the use of a commutator. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings which turn within that field.

by one or more permanent magnets; larger machines have the

constant magnetic field provided by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils.

1832 by Hippolyte Pixii, a French instrument maker. It used

a permanent magnet which was rotated by a crank. The spinning magnet was positioned so that its north and south poles passed by a piece of iron wrapped with wire.

current in the wire each time a pole passed the

coil. Furthermore, the north and south poles of the magnet induced currents in opposite directions. By adding a commutator, Pixii was able to convert the alternating current to direct current.

series can be used in the moving windings of a

dynamo. This allows the terminal voltage of the machine to be higher than a disc can produce, so that electrical energy can be delivered at a convenient voltage.

dynamo is reversible; the principles of the electric motor were

discovered when it was found that one dynamo could cause a second interconnected dynamo to rotate if current was fed through it.

alternator, which is a synchronous singly-fed generator. With an electromechanical

commutator, the dynamo is a classical direct current (DC) generator. The alternator must always operate at a constant speed that is precisely synchronized to the electrical frequency of the power grid for non-destructive operation. The DC generator can operate at any speed within mechanical limits but always outputs a direct current waveform.

that is precisely synchronized to the electrical frequency of the

power grid for non-destructive operation.



The DC generator can operate at any speed within mechanical limits but always outputs a direct current waveform.

singly-fed generator, the doubly-fed generator, or the brushless wound-rotor doubly-fed

generator, do not incorporate permanent magnets or field windings that establish a constant magnetic field, and as a result, are seeing success in variable speed constant frequency applications, such as wind turbines or other renewable energy techologies.

with electronic control but only the doubly-fed generators or the

brushless wound-rotor doubly-fed generator incorporate electronic control with power ratings that are substantially less than the power output of the generator under control, which by itself offer cost, reliability and efficiency benefits

gases through a magnetic field, without the use of rotating

electromagnetic machinery.

plasma MHD generator is a flame, were able to heat

the boilers of a steam power plant.

in 1965. The U.S. government performed substantial development, culminating in

a 25Mw demonstration plant in 1987. MHD generators operated as a topping cycle are currently (2007) less efficient than combined-cycle gas turbines.

electric charge, which is already present in the conductive wire

of its windings. It is somewhat analogous to a water pump, which creates a flow of water but does not create the water inside.

phenomena such as piezoelectricity and magnetohydrodynamics. The construction of a

dynamo is similar to that of an electric motor, and all common types of dynamos could work as motors.

mechanical terms or electrical terms. Although distinctly separate, these two

sets of terminology are frequently used interchangeably or in combinations that include one mechanical term and one electrical term. This causes great confusion when working with compound machines such as a brushless alternator or when conversing with people who work on a machine that is configured differently than the machines that the speaker is used to.

motor.
Stator: The stationary part of an alternator, generator, dynamo

or motor.

Mechanical

motor. The armature can be on either the rotor or

the stator.
Field: The magnetic field component of an alternator, generator, dynamo or motor. The magnetic field of the dynamo or alternator can be provided by either electromagnets or permanent magnets mounted on either the rotor or the stator.

Electrical