SECONDARY WAYS OF WORD-BUILDING

(reversion, disaffixation)
V. Sound interchange (gradation)
VI. Distinctive stress (distinctive change)

two large groups:
lexical and spelling shortenings.

history – story, telephone – phone, omnibus - bus, motor-car

– car, defence – fence, example – sample.

Syncope : market – mart, mathematics – maths, spectacles – specs.

Apocope: permanent wave – perm, zoological garden – zoo, examination – exam, graduate – grad, advertisement – ad, champion – champ, photograph – photo, laboratory – lab, public house – pub, gymnastics – gym.

combination of aphaeresis and apocope: influenza – flu, refrigerator – fridge, avant-guard – van, van-guard, professor – fess.

Scientific and Cultural Organisation),
AIDS

(id est) _____________________
e.g. (example gratia) _____________________
ff. (felice) _____________________
L (libra) _____________________
s.

(solidis) _____________________
 
2) Native spelling shortenings
a) forms of address: Mr, Mrs, Ms
b) units of weight, time, distance, electricity: min, sec., in, m, p, ft, v, cm
c) military ranks, scientific degrees: capt., c-in-c, BSc, BA, MA, MSc, PhD
d) names of offices: Govt., Dept.

form may
1) disappear: avanguarde – vanguard, van; mobile vulgus

– mob, fanaticus – fan
2) remain, but have different meaning:
courtesy – curtsy; to espy – to spy
3) remain but belong to another part of speech:
to estrange – strange
4) remain and belong to some other style:
doc – doctor, prof – professor.

cabriolet
 

already existing items, usually the first part from one and

the final part of the other:
branch ___________+____________
smog ___________+____________
spam ___________+____________
chunnel ___________+____________
motel ___________+____________
bit ___________+____________
workaholic, medicare, Eurotunnel, slanguage, guesstimate.

associated by the object or action to be named, or

that seem suggestive of its qualities:
cock-a-doodle-do
quack (duck)
croak (frog)
mew, meow
moo, low
crow, cuckoo, humming-bird, whip-poor-will, cricket.

a real or supposed affix from another word in a

language:
enthuse
donate
orientate
self-destruct
to lase __________________
to liposuct __________________

in the phonemic composition of it root:
speak - speech

blood – bleed
food – feed
strong – strength
advice – advise
life – live

of the shift of the stress in the source word:

increase

(n) – increase (v)
absent (adj) – absent (v)