Inventors and inventions in microbiology

commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and considered to

be the first microbiologist. He is best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope and for his contributions towards the establishment of microbiology.

who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine(1796). He

is often called "the father of immunology", and his work is said to have "saved more lives than the work of any other human".
He was also the first person to describe the brood parasitism of the cuckoo.

by microorganisms.
This theory was invented in 1862 by Louis Pasteur.
Pasteur further

demonstrated between 1860 and 1864 that fermentation and the growth of microorganisms in nutrient broths did not proceed by spontaneous generation.

10 February 1912), known as Sir Joseph Lister,between 1883 and 1897,

was a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery. By applying Louis Pasteur's advances in microbiology, he promoted the idea of sterile portable ports while working at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. Lister successfully introduced carbolic acid (now known as phenol) to sterilise surgical instruments and to clean wounds, which led to a reduction in post-operative infections and made surgery safer for patients.

1915) was a German physician and scientist who worked in

the fields ofhematology, immunology, and antimicrobial chemotherapy. He invented the precursor technique to Gram staining bacteria. The methods he developed for staining tissue made it possible to distinguish between different type of blood cells, which led to the capability to diagnose numerous blood diseases.
In 1908, he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his contributions to immunology.

1938) was a Danish bacteriologist noted for his development of the Gram stain.
Gram staining,

also called Gram's method, is a method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups (gram-positive and gram-negative). 

for use in vaccines. He created several veterinary vaccines before

his development of the rabies vaccine in 1885 for use in humans.

was a German microbiologist who is generally credited with inventing the Petri dish while

working as assistant to pioneering bacteriologist Robert Koch.(1887)

Nobel laureate Alexander Fleming in 1928.
Andrew Jackson Moyer was an American microbiologist who is known

mainly for his work on the development of industrial production methods for various microorganisms.
 May 11, 1945: Method for the Production of Penicililn.

technology company that manufactures and sells medical devices, instrument systems and

reagents.
In 1961, the company introduced its disposable BD Plastipak syringe.

York - died March 8, 2010 ) was an American microbiologist, known as the inventor of

the bifurcated vaccination needle,which played an important role in the eradication of smallpox(1967).

Maxam and Walter Gilbert in 1976–1977. This method is based on nucleobase-specific partial chemical

modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage of the DNA backbone at sites adjacent to the modified nucleotides.

Maxam–Gilbert sequencing was the first widely adopted method for DNA sequencing, and, along with the Sanger dideoxy method, represents the first generation of DNA sequencing methods. Maxam–Gilbert sequencing is no longer in widespread use, having been supplanted by next-generation sequencing methods.

Allan Maxam

Nobel Prize-winning American biochemist, author, and lecturer. In recognition of his

improvement of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, he shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith and earned the Japan Prize in the same year.

The improvements made by Mullis allowed PCR to become a central technique in biochemistry and molecular biology, described by The New York Times as "highly original and significant, virtually dividing biology into the two epochs of before P.C.R. and after P.C.R."

modified tomato, was the first commercially grown genetically engineered food to

be granted a license for human consumption. It was produced by the Californian company Calgene, and submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1992. On May 18, 1994, the FDA completed its evaluation of the Flavr Savr tomato .

The plant physiologist Athanasios Theologis, with tomatoes genetically modified to contain the ACC synthase gene.

genomic sequence was published by Craig Venter, Hamilton Smith, Claire

Fraser and colleagues at TIGR

Hamilton Smith