The skeleton

by: Totanova Nazgul

Independent work of students of English
Almaty 2010
The

skeleton

organs
Movement in union with muscles
Storage of minerals (calcium, phosphorus) &

lipids
Blood cell production

the bone
By x-ray or diagram
Structure/function of joints, muscle and ligament

attachments
Including range of motion

ribs, sternum, hyoid bone
Appendicular Skeleton: (126 bones)- upper &

lower extremities plus two girdles
Half of bones in hands & feet

or chest
Vertebral column

shaft & 2 ends (e.g.: bones of arms & legs,except

wrist, ankle & patella)
Short bones: roughly cube-shaped (e.g.: ankle & wrist bones)
Sesamoid bones: short bones within tendons (e.g.: patella)
Flat bones: thin, flat & often curved (e.g.,: sternum, scapulae, ribs & most skullbones)
Irregular bones: odd shapes; don't fit into other classes (e.g.: hip bones & vertebrae)

vertebral column
25 in thoracic cage

4 in pectoral girdle
60 in upper

limbs
60 in lower limbs
2 in pelvic girdle

206 bones in all

1 mandible
Cranium
encases brain
attachments

for muscles
sinuses

ribs are directly attached to the sternum (first seven

pairs)

Three false ribs are joined to the 7th rib
Two pairs of floating ribs

1 sacrum (5 fused)
1 coccyx (4 fused)

Vertebrae vary

in size and morphology

pivots to turn head

Cervical Vertebrae

unmineralized ground substance and are found in areas of high

metabolism within the bone
Osteocytes – mature bone cells made from osteoblasts that have made bone tissue around themselves. They maintain healthy bone tissue by secreting enzymes and controlling the bone mineral content; they also control the calcium release from the bone tissue to the blood.
Osteogenic cells respond to traumas, such as fractures, by giving rise to bone-forming cells and bone-destroying cells
Osteoclasts – bone absorbing cell – large cells that break down bone tissue – important to growth, healing, remodeling
Bone lining cells - made from osteoblasts along the surface of most bones in an adult. Bone-lining cells are thought to regulate the movement of calcium and phosphate into and out of the bone

most abundant type- found in articular (movable joint) cartilages, costal

cartilages (connect ribs tosternum), respiratory cartilages (in larynx & upper respiratory passageways) & nasal cartilages
Elastic Cartilages: similar to hyaline cartilage, more elastic fibers (very flexible) – found in external ear & epiglottis (larynx covering)
Fibrocartilage: rows of chondrocytes with thick collagen fibers; highly compressible with great tensile strength- found in menisci of knee, intervertebral discs & pubic symphysis