L exicology as a branch of linguistics

other linguistic disciplines
The history of the English lexicon
The structure

of the English present-day lexicon

linguistics, the science of language or the study of words.

‘lexicology’ = ‘lexis‘ + ‘logos’

units in respect to their origin, development and current use
the

analysis of semantic relationships between words and the influence of various factors upon these relationships

stylistics
sociolinguistics

of the English language

Modern English = Celtic + Latin

+ German + Danish + French

The Old English (Anglo-Saxon) period - from the 5th to

the 11th century (600-1100)
2. The second period: The Middle English (the Norman Conquest) period -from the 11th to the 15th century (1066-1500)
3. The third period: The Modern English period - from the 15th century to the present

language of foreign words, replacing them with Anglo-Saxon ones. One

slogan created by these linguistic nationalists was:

"Avoid Latin derivatives; use brief, terse Anglo-Saxon monosyllables".

the human body: foot, nose, lip, heart
3. Animals: cow, swine,

goose
4. Plants: tree, birch, corn
5. Time of day: day, night
6. Heavenly bodies: sun, moon, star
7. Numerous adjectives: red, new, glad, sad
8. The numerals from one to a hundred
9. Pronouns: demonstrative, personal (except they which is a Scandinavian borrowing)
10. Numerous verbs: be, stand, sit, eat, know

body: head, hand, arm, finger, bone
2. Animals: bear, fox, calf
3.

Plants: oak, fir, grass
4. Natural phenomena: rain, frost
5. Seasons of the year: winter, spring, summer
6. Landscape features: sea, land
7. Human dwellings and furniture: house, room, bench
8. Sea-going vessels: boat, ship
9. Adjectives: green, blue, grey, white, small, thick, high, old, good
10. Verbs: see, hear, speak, tell, say, answer, make, give, drink

Germ. Stern, Lat. stella, Gr. aster
formed after the 5th century

bird, boy, daisy, girl, lord, lady, woman, always

borrowings
They are mostly root-words (monosyllabic)
They are completely assimilated
dinner, cat,

take, cup

Written borrowings
They are words of two or more syllables
They usually preserve their spelling
Many of them are only partly assimilated
regime, valise, matinee, cafe, ballet

borrowing - the language, from which a borrowed word was

taken

main minor

Greek (the classical element) usually through Latin or French:
Helen,

idiom, comma, colon, synonym, also scientific and technical terms.

2) Latin (the classical element)
cherry (Lat. cerasum), pear (Lat. pirum), cup (Lat. cuppa), kitchen (Lat. coquina), wine (Lat. vinum)

terms: court, judge, justice, crime, prison
Military terms: army, war, soldier,

officer, battle, enemy
Educational terms: pupil, lesson, library, science, pen
Everyday life: table, plate, dinner, autumn, uncle

4. Scandinavian (also: Old Norwegian)
call, take, law, husband, window, low, weak, they
Scandinavian borrowings with the initial sk- combination: sky, skill, skin, ski, skirt

Chinese
Caviar
Turkish

the norms of the adopting language
includes changes in their sound-form,

spelling, morphological and grammatical paradigms, and in their meaning
the older the word is, and the more frequently it is used in speech, the more assimilated this word becomes.

cafe ['kafei]
the pronunciation of the combinations [ks], [pn], [ps] in

Greek words was simplified:
pneumonia [nju'mounia]
pseudonym ['sju:denim]
psychology [sai'koladji]

the stress was gradually transferred to the first syllable

unassimilated

assimilated
pronunciation pronunciation
Ballet [bæ ' lei] [' bælei]

grammatical categories and change their morphological structure and paradigm

«спутник»: sputnik,

sputniks, sputnik's, sputniks'.

(pl.) Gk
formula (sing.) - formulae (pl.) L.

borrowed words have two

paradigms: the native and the foreign
stadium – stadia - foreign paradigm
stadium – stadiums - native paradigm

two meanings
Спутник:
1. Тот, кто совершает путь вместе с кем-н
2. То,

что сопутствует чему-н., появляется вместе с чем-н.
3. Небесное тело, обращающееся вокруг планеты
4. Космический аппарат, запускаемый на околопланетную, окололунную или гелиоцентрическую орбиту с помощью ракетных устройств.
Sputnik:
1. Each of a series of Soviet artificial satellites

(Old French) mouvoir (Modern French)

to move (Modern English)
Mouvoir:
1) двигать; приводить в движение
2) пробуждать
To move (16 meanings):
1) to change one's dwelling
2) to suggest (a proposal) formally
3) to be exciting or active, etc

and words borrowed from Scandinavian throughout the 8th -12th centuries
have

the same features as the native words
priest (Lat. presbyter), bishop (Lat. episcopus), monk (Lat. monachus), nun (Lat. nonna), candle (Lat. candela)

pronunciation)

French English
valise [və' li:z]
regime [rei ' im]

changes
«de facto» (L.)
in point of fact
де-факто, фактически, в реальности,

на самом деле
«bon mot» (Fr.)
a witty saying
остроумное выражение, острота
«repartee» (Fr.)
a witty reply
остроумный ответ