Antonyms

identical in style, expressing contrary of contradictory notions.

- to displease,
honest - dishonest,
professional - nonprofessional)
different roots
same

roots but different affixes

dislike
Non-: nonreactive
2. Sometimes they are formed by means of

antonymous suffixes -ful and -less

-ful: painful
-less: painless

formed by means of the prefix un-:

successful – unsuccessful


The antonym

of the adjective with the suffix -less is formed with the help of the suffix –ish:

selfless - selfish

The same is true about antonyms with negative prefixes

e.g. to man is not an antonym of the word to unman;
to disappoint is not an antonym of the word to appoint.

in their structure, but in semantics as well.

different types of oppositeness, and subdivides them into three types:

complementarity, e.g. male - female, married – single;
antonyms, e.g. good – bad
converseness, e.g. to buy - to sell.

way: the denial of the one implies the assertion of

the other, and vice versa.

John is not married = John is single

The type of oppositeness is based on yes/no decision. Incompatibility only concerns pairs of lexical units.

relationships. The assertion containing one member implies the negation of

the other, but not vice versa.

John is good = John is not bad
John is not good ≠ John is bad

The negation of one term doesn't necessarily implies the assertion of the other.

An important linguistic difference from complementaries is that antonyms are always fully gradable, e.g. hot, warm, tepid, cold.

- teacher, precede - follow, above - below,

before - after etc.

Jonh bought the car from Bill = Bill sold the car to John


2.. Also in the comparative form:

Y is smaller than X = X is larger than Y.

Here he points out serially ordered sets, such as

scales (hot, warm, tepid, cold, cool);
colour words (black, grey, white);
military ranks (marshal, general, colonel, major, captain etc.)
gradable examination marks (excellent, good ,average, fair, poor)

In such sets of words we can have outer and inner pairs of antonyms.

He also points out cycles, such as units of tie:

( spring, summer, autumn, winter)

In this case there are no outermost members.

of opposition can be met in qualitative adjective and their

derivatives

e.g. beautiful - ugly,
to beautify - to uglify,
beauty – ugliness

It can be also met in words denoting feelings and states

e.g. respect - scorn, to live - to die,
to respect- to scorn, alive - dead,
respectful – scornful life - death


Itcan be also met among words denoting direction in space and time

e.g. here - there, up - down,
now - never, before - after
day - night, early - late etc.

e.g. the word bright has the antonyms:

dim, dull, sad.