Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech

FL-42

we classify English words into the following categories, or parts

of speech:
Noun
Verb
Adverb
Adjective
Preposition
Conjunction
Numeral
Pronoun

contemporary English.
It was characterized by:
strong and weak verbs;

a dual number for pronouns
two different declensions of adjectives;
four declensions of nouns;
grammatical distinctions of gender;
did not use the article

can be declined in case, gender and number. One-syllable adjectives

("monosyllabic") have different declension than two-syllable ones ("disyllabic").
Singular. (narrow)
Masc. Neut. Fem.
Nominative nearu nearu nearu
Genitive nearwes nearwes nearore
Dative nearwum nearwum nearore
Accusative nearone nearu nearwe
Instrumental nearwe nearwe

main syntacticis a word whose main syntactic role is to

modifyis a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a nounis a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a noun or pronoun (called the adjective's subject), giving more information about what the noun or pronoun refers to.
We can not declined adjectives in case, gender or number.

(old) - ieldra - ieldest
strong - strengra - strengest

long - lengra - lengest
geong (young) - gingra - gingest

- richer – the richest
Big – bigger – the

biggest
Small – smaller – the smallest

in Old English which preserved the dual number in declension.
E.g.

1st person
Singular Plural Dual
N ic, íc wé wit
G mín úre uncer
D mé ús unc
A mec, mé úsic, ús uncit, unc

classes
(changing of vowels
and consonants),
each in conjugation
and

in the
stem structure.
Infinitive
Past singular
Past plural
Participle II

were conjugated in a simpler
way than the strong ones,
and did not use the ablaut
interchanges of t
he vowel stems.
Weak verbs are
divided into three classes which
had only slight differences though.
They did have the
three forms - the infinitive,
the past tense,
the participle II.

distinction between regular (changing into root – vowels and consonants)

and irregular (- ed, - d) verbs. This distinction goes back to the Old English system of strong and weak verbs.

of verbs of this type in modern English is their

expressing modality, i.e. possibility, obligation, necessity. They do not require the particle to before the infinitive which follows them. In Old English in general no verb requires this particle before the infinitive. In fact, this to before the infinitive form meant the preposition of direction.

two main tenses - the Present and the Past. No

progressive (or Continuous) tenses were used, they were invented only in the Early Middle English period. Such complex tenses as modern Future in the Past, Future Perfect Continuous did not exist either. However, some analytic construction were in use, and first of all the perfective constructions.
F.G.: Hie geweorc geworhten hæfdon
(they have build a fortress‘ - shows the exact Perfect tense, but at that time it was not the tense really, just a participle construction showing that the action has been done) Seldom you can also find such Past constructions, which later became the Past Perfect Tense.

- the whole revolution happened with it in the 15th

and the 16th centuries, not only taking into consideration the Great Vowel Shift, but also the major grammar changes. The result was the Modern, or New, English, which has practically no declension, lost genders, shortened words and forms, simplified the syntax.

that refer to people, places, things, qualities or ideas. Old

Church Slavonic nouns that are inflected to show grammatical relations other than the main form.
E.g. Аблъко, братолюбьство, воѥводьство, брѣмѧ, въздрастъ, владъічьствиѥ, болѣзнь

Slavonic words that indicate actions, occurrences or states. E.g. Любити, дъіхати,

погрєбити, пити, ищєзнѫти, глаголати.

that modify clauses, sentences and other parts of phrases. E.g. Близъ,

въскорѣ, яко, вьчєра

connect words, phrases or clauses together. E.g. ащє, да, и, или,

къгда, ни

to and substitute nouns. E.g. овъ, она, оно, онъ

limit nouns or pronouns, by indicating relationships with following phrases.

E.g. мимо, мєждю, мєждѹ, подъ, при, прѣдъ

morphemic stability. E.g. Russian root kaz. It means to point or

to show. Noun: у к а з, с к а з к а Verb: у к а з а т ь, с к а з а т ь Adjective: с к а з о ч н ы й, etc.

processes reflects on the language grammatical and phonetically form. Intercultural

relationship brings a lot of new words and enrich a vocabulary. All these processes reduce the role of declension, case, number, constrict the number of existing tense forms, people trying to make own language easy for learning.