Лауреат Нобелевской премии по физиологии и медицине в 2009 году

nobel laureate on medicine for 2012 "for works in area

of biology of development and receipt of the induced barrel cages".

sciences, is in University of Kyoto, director of Center on

research and application of iPS- cages of University of Kyoto, leading researcher of Institute of cardiovascular diseases

Committee awarded for "opening the possibility of reprogramming differentiated cells

into pluripotent"

that Gurdon and Yamanaka get together. In 2009 they were

awarded the prestigious albert Lasker prize ("second American Nobel prize in medicine" - as it is called) in the category Basic. By the way, almost half of the winners of this category then you will get a Nobel prize. But prominent Israeli wolf prize in medicine they have received both, but separately - Gordon in 1989, and Yamanaka in 2011), among many other awards, received two scientists, Yamanaka also the winner of the prestigious "technology" award of the Millenium.

In June 1995, John Bertrand Gurdon received the title of

knight bachelor and the right to add his name to the title of "sir", and in 2004 received even greater recognition: Cambridge Institute for cell biology and cancer charities Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK was renamed Germanoski Institute.

organisms. Stem cells can renew themselves, forming new stem cells

to divide through mitosis and differentiate into specialized cells, that is, to turn into cells of various organs and tissues.

Схема делений и дифференцировок стволовых клеток. A — стволовая клетка. B — клетка-предшественник. C — дифференцированная клетка. Каждая стволовая клетка может поделиться либо симметрично, дав две такие же стволовые клетки (1), либо несимметрично, дав одну стволовую клетку и одну клетку-предшественницу (2). Клетка-предшественница тоже делится (3); ее дочерние клетки дифференцируются (4) и занимают свое место в той или иной ткани организма.

in those half-forgotten time when nobody thought about genome sequencing,

knowledge about stem cells were placed in the annual course of lectures, and the famous cell line HeLa was only ten years old.

Gordon tried to find the answer to the question, does the nucleus of a differentiated cell with enough information to give rise to a new organism.

And Gordon did a very simple thing - took it, and put it into the egg clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) destroyed the core of the core of differentiated cells (cells of the intestinal epithelium) of the tadpole of the same species. It took quite a lot of experiments, but the researcher was able to obtain from such "chimeric" egg healthy tadpole.

лягушки Xenopus laevis (1), пересадил туда ядро, взятое из дифференцированной

клетки кишечника головастика того же вида (2), в результате чего из икринки развился головастик, а затем и взрослая лягушка (3).

any nuclear transfer is to turn quite differentiated murine fibroblast

(skin cell) into pluripotent stem cells (these cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells, IPSC or iPSC)

Схема экспериментов Яманаки. Гены четырех белков (1) засовываются в дифференцированный фибробласт, полученный от мыши (2). Этот фибробласт превращается в плюрипотентную стволовую клетку (3), из которой можно потом получить взрослый мышиный организм (4)