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The skeleton

Skeletal System - FunctionsSupport & shape to bodyProtection of internal organsMovement in union with musclesStorage of minerals (calcium, phosphorus) & lipidsBlood cell production

Слайды и текст этой презентации

Слайд 1Prepared by:,
09-022 OM
Checked

by: Totanova Nazgul

Independent work of students of English
Almaty 2010
The

skeleton
Prepared by:,      09-022 OMChecked by: Totanova NazgulIndependent work of students of EnglishAlmaty

Слайд 2Skeletal System - Functions
Support & shape to body
Protection of internal

organs
Movement in union with muscles
Storage of minerals (calcium, phosphorus) &

lipids
Blood cell production
Skeletal System - FunctionsSupport & shape to bodyProtection of internal organsMovement in union with musclesStorage of minerals

Слайд 3The Skeletal System
Know the Skeletal Anatomy
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Surface Anatomy of

the bone
By x-ray or diagram
Structure/function of joints, muscle and ligament

attachments
Including range of motion
The Skeletal SystemKnow the Skeletal AnatomyAxial SkeletonAppendicular SkeletonSurface Anatomy of the boneBy x-ray or diagramStructure/function of joints,

Слайд 4Human Skeleton
206 Bones
Axial skeleton: (80 bones) in skull, vertebrae,

ribs, sternum, hyoid bone
Appendicular Skeleton: (126 bones)- upper &

lower extremities plus two girdles
Half of bones in hands & feet

Human Skeleton 206 BonesAxial skeleton: (80 bones) in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hyoid bone Appendicular Skeleton: (126

Слайд 5Axial Skeleton (80)
Skull
Ossicles of the middle ear
Hyoid bone
Thorax

or chest
Vertebral column

Axial Skeleton (80)Skull Ossicles of the middle earHyoid bone Thorax or chest Vertebral column

Слайд 6Appendicular Skeleton (126)
Upper Extremity (64)
Shoulder Girdle
Arms
Hands
Lower Extremity (62)
Pelvic Girdle
Legs
Feet

Appendicular Skeleton (126)Upper Extremity (64)Shoulder GirdleArmsHandsLower Extremity (62)Pelvic GirdleLegsFeet

Слайд 7Types of Bone
Long bones: longer than they are wide;

shaft & 2 ends (e.g.: bones of arms & legs,except

wrist, ankle & patella)
Short bones: roughly cube-shaped (e.g.: ankle & wrist bones)
Sesamoid bones: short bones within tendons (e.g.: patella)
Flat bones: thin, flat & often curved (e.g.,: sternum, scapulae, ribs & most skullbones)
Irregular bones: odd shapes; don't fit into other classes (e.g.: hip bones & vertebrae)
Types of Bone Long bones: longer than they are wide; shaft & 2 ends (e.g.: bones of

Слайд 822 bones in skull
6 in middle ears
1 hyoid bone
26 in

vertebral column
25 in thoracic cage

4 in pectoral girdle
60 in upper

limbs
60 in lower limbs
2 in pelvic girdle

206 bones in all
22 bones in skull6 in middle ears1 hyoid bone26 in vertebral column25 in thoracic cage4 in pectoral

Слайд 9The skull

8 sutured bones in cranium
Facial bones: 13 sutured bones,

1 mandible
Cranium
encases brain
attachments

for muscles
sinuses
The skull8 sutured bones in craniumFacial bones: 13 sutured bones, 1 mandible

Слайд 11Thoracic cage
ribs
thoracic vertebrae
sternum
costal cartilages

True

ribs are directly attached to the sternum (first seven

pairs)

Three false ribs are joined to the 7th rib
Two pairs of floating ribs
Thoracic cage ribs thoracic vertebrae sternum costal cartilages  True ribs are directly attached to the sternum

Слайд 13Vertebral column

7 cervial vertebrae
12 thoracic
5 lumbar

1 sacrum (5 fused)
1 coccyx (4 fused)

Vertebrae vary

in size and morphology
Vertebral column  7 cervial vertebrae 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 1 sacrum (5 fused)  1 coccyx

Слайд 15Types of Vertebrae
Cevical (7)
Atlas
Axis
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)

Types of Vertebrae Cevical (7)AtlasAxis Thoracic (12)Lumbar (5)

Слайд 16 Atlas – 1st; supports head
Axis – 2nd; dens

pivots to turn head

Cervical Vertebrae

Atlas – 1st; supports head Axis – 2nd; dens pivots to turn headCervical Vertebrae

Слайд 17 long spinous
processes

rib facets
Thoracic Vertebrae

long spinousprocesses rib facetsThoracic Vertebrae

Слайд 18 large bodies

thick, short spinous
processes
Lumbar Vertebrae

large bodies thick, short spinous processesLumbar Vertebrae

Слайд 19Bone Cells

Osteoblasts – bone forming cells synthesize and secrete

unmineralized ground substance and are found in areas of high

metabolism within the bone
Osteocytes – mature bone cells made from osteoblasts that have made bone tissue around themselves. They maintain healthy bone tissue by secreting enzymes and controlling the bone mineral content; they also control the calcium release from the bone tissue to the blood.
Osteogenic cells respond to traumas, such as fractures, by giving rise to bone-forming cells and bone-destroying cells
Osteoclasts – bone absorbing cell – large cells that break down bone tissue – important to growth, healing, remodeling
Bone lining cells - made from osteoblasts along the surface of most bones in an adult. Bone-lining cells are thought to regulate the movement of calcium and phosphate into and out of the bone
Bone Cells Osteoblasts – bone forming cells synthesize and secrete unmineralized ground substance and are found in

Слайд 20Types of Skeletal Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilages: fine collagen fiber matrix-

most abundant type- found in articular (movable joint) cartilages, costal

cartilages (connect ribs tosternum), respiratory cartilages (in larynx & upper respiratory passageways) & nasal cartilages
Elastic Cartilages: similar to hyaline cartilage, more elastic fibers (very flexible) – found in external ear & epiglottis (larynx covering)
Fibrocartilage: rows of chondrocytes with thick collagen fibers; highly compressible with great tensile strength- found in menisci of knee, intervertebral discs & pubic symphysis
Types of Skeletal Cartilage Hyaline Cartilages: fine collagen fiber matrix- most abundant type- found in articular (movable

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