1 Bioenergy - biofuels Magnús Guðmundsson Innovation Center of Iceland Magnús

of Iceland

Green package “20-20-20” climate targets/ambitions

















EU targets affecting conventional

transport solutions:

20% RES by 2020 including 10% RES in transport sector

20% reduction of CO2 emission by 2020

European policy in the transport sector

biomass, plant fat/oil and all kinds of organic waste from

agriculture, municipalities and industry. It is CO2 neutral!
The use of bio-fuels are supposed to replace fossil fuels partially or totally leading to less pollution such as CO and dust.

Bio-fuels made with fermentation or chemical reactions are:

Bio-ethanol Bio-diesel Bio-gas (bio-methane)

ethanol: most common and can use many substrates

Also bacterias like

Zymomonas mobilis: higher ethanol tolerance but limited substrates (glucose, fructose)

In some cases thermophilic bacteria is used
Thermophilic at 55°C are in use
Higher than 70°C is in development

Faster reactions but less tolerance

plants
Sugar cane
Sugar beets
Pretreatment
Hydrolysis
Fermentation
Distillation
Ethanol
1°- generation production
2° generation production
Byproducts:
Heat
chemicals

from starch and sugar canes
-Creating debate on food vs fuel

2°

Generation production– use of polysaccharides from
lignocellose
More pretreatment
– separation of complex polymers
and reduce them to smaller
saccharides (sugars)

made with heat, chemicals and
enzymes.

1896

USA produces more ethanol than Brasil

It is mainly produced from

maize (corn starch)

First the starch is converted to sugars before it is fermented

USA production is more expensive than the production of Brazil

(buried waste) under uncontrolled
situations. Digestion time can be many

years


Produced with anaerobic reactors under controlled situation.
Digestion time is 2-4 weeks

conditions to thrive

-pH 6,4-7,2
- Temperature: Psycrophilic (0-20°C), mesophilic (30-35°C)

and thermophilic(> 55°C)
- The ratio of C/N should be 25-30
- Moisture (> 65%)






The solid residue is a by-product
and a very good fertilizer

Organic matter
/ manure

Kolvetni
Prótein
fita

Acid forming
bacteria

Simple organic
acids

Acetic acid
Probionic acid
Succininic acid
Butyric acid
Formic acid

Methane forming
bacteria

Landfill and biogas

Methane 50-70%
CO2 25-50%
water
Ammoniac
H2S

and nitrogen is important as both are needed.
–Carbon rich waste:

paperboard (C/N=475), papers (C/N=600), garden waste(C/N=50), horsemanure (C/N=30) and other manure(C/N=25)

–Nitrogen rich waste: slaughterhouse waste (C/N=3), fish waste (C/N=4) and pig manure(C/N=14)

•optimum ratio of C/N is from 25 to 30 so “right” waste needs to be mixed together

from different kind of raw materials:
–Food waste: 200 m3/ton
–Paper: 300

m3/ton
–Paperboard: 150 m3/ton
–Horse manure: 80 m3/ton
–Pig manure: 25 m3/ton
–Garden waste: 130 m3/ton
–Slaughter and fish waste: 180 m3/ton


The yield is though dependent on many other factors

for biogas production
2kg ash
Volatile matter
11 kg
Efficiency of digesters
7

kg
Not used

4 kg goes to landfill gas

2-3 Nm3/day
25 KWh/day

the fuel as bio-fuel in (biodiesel, bio-gas, bio-ethanol) in 2020

Biogas

needs to be upgraded to bio-methane to be used for transport

If the same aim was set for Iceland it would mean that the production would be 30.000 t/year of methane

Methane – fuel for transport

gas from the waste


This is the gas cleaning station at

Sorpa



It is cleaning about 1 million m3 of
Methane, enough for 1000 cars

The methane production can be increased by using anaerobic digesters which have retention time of 10-15 days

of H2S

N2 < 2%

No oxygen

No siloxane

No particles larger than 40

micron

Energy content of methane

39 MJ/m3 (1atm)

15 MJ/L (250 bar)

alkali, acids and enzymes

Thermal – use of thermal hydrolysis

and microwave

Electrical – methods like PEF (Pulsed Electric Field)

Pretreatments of bio-waste for anaerobic digestion

and reduces organic molecules to simpler forms

After

PEF treatment the organic solids are more bio-available and
hydrolyzed i.e. there is an increase in soluble organic material

As a consequence there is more material available for methane forming
bacteria to produce methane which can increase the biogas yield

The quantity of bio-solids decreases

PEF treatment pasteurizes the raw material without destroying the
methane forming bacteria

Increased digester capacity

Effect of PEF-pretreatment

material
The oil can be cold pressed to get the oil

°C (RME
at -10°C, and from animal fat at +16°C

More viscous

than diesel

Lower energy value

Can breakdown (by bacteria or chemically)

Properties are controlled by fatty acid composition
Environmentally friendly in large part
The benefit is small if large amount of fertilizers are used

Qualities
Can be mixed with diesel up to B20


Better lubrication than diesel


Purer burn than diesel less NOx, SOx and particles