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Changes in Consonant Quality

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1. Changes in Consonant Quality
2. 1. Voicing and devoicingInitial lenis [b, d,
3. 2. Loss of [h]In rapid speech the
4. 3. Initial “hw”Wh-words are pronounced with an
5. 4. Loss of final [ŋ][ın] instead of [ıŋ] at the ending of a word.waitin’ – [‘weıtın]
6. 5. Spread of “dark” [ł]This tendency is
7. 6. Glottal stopIt can appear only in
8. 7. Palatalized final [k’]It is often heard in such words as[wi:k’], [kwık’]
9. 8. Linking and intrusive [r]Linking “r” –
10. 9. Combinative changes[tj, dj, sj] → [ʧ,
11. 10. Elision, reduction, assimilationThis tendency is reflected
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1. Voicing and devoicingInitial lenis [b, d, g] – partially devoiced.Final lenis [b, d, g] – voiceless.[t] in the intervocalic position is voiced.[‘betə] – [‘bedə]

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Слайд 1Changes in Consonant Quality
Changes in the Standard

Changes in Consonant QualityChanges in the Standard

Слайд 21. Voicing and devoicing
Initial lenis [b, d, g] – partially

devoiced.
Final lenis [b, d, g] – voiceless.
[t] in the intervocalic

position is voiced.
[‘betə] – [‘bedə]

1. Voicing and devoicingInitial lenis [b, d, g] – partially devoiced.Final lenis [b, d, g] – voiceless.[t]

Слайд 32. Loss of [h]
In rapid speech the initial [h] is

lost in form words and tends to die out from

the language.
[i wɒnts ɜ tə kʌm]
No loss of [h] in stressed syllables!

2. Loss of [h]In rapid speech the initial [h] is lost in form words and tends to

Слайд 43. Initial “hw”
Wh-words are pronounced with an initial breath-like sound

[ʍ] instead of [w].

what – [ʍɒt], why – [ʍaı]

3. Initial “hw”Wh-words are pronounced with an initial breath-like sound [ʍ] instead of [w].what – [ʍɒt], why

Слайд 54. Loss of final [ŋ]
[ın] instead of [ıŋ] at the

ending of a word.

waitin’ – [‘weıtın]

4. Loss of final [ŋ][ın] instead of [ıŋ] at the ending of a word.waitin’ – [‘weıtın]

Слайд 65. Spread of “dark” [ł]
This tendency is influenced by the

American pronunciation.
[bɪ’li:v] – [bɪ’łi:v]
Sometimes [l] becomes vocalized.
[‘mɪok]

5. Spread of “dark” [ł]This tendency is influenced by the American pronunciation.[bɪ’li:v] – [bɪ’łi:v]Sometimes [l] becomes vocalized.[‘mɪok]

Слайд 76. Glottal stop
It can appear only in two cases:
as a

realization of syllable-final [t]:
[dəpɑːʔmn̩t]
in certain consonant clusters (“glottal reinforcements”).
Among younger

speakers, it can also be heard finally before vowels or in absolute final position:
[pɪk ɪʔ ʌp], [ɡɛʔ]

6. Glottal stopIt can appear only in two cases:as a realization of syllable-final [t]:[dəpɑːʔmn̩t]in certain consonant clusters

Слайд 87. Palatalized final [k’]
It is often heard in such words

as
[wi:k’], [kwık’]

7. Palatalized final [k’]It is often heard in such words as[wi:k’], [kwık’]

Слайд 98. Linking and intrusive [r]
Linking “r” – an orthographic “r”

pronounced word-finally before a vowel.
summer͜ activities
Intrusive “r” – the sound

“r” inserted before a following vowel even though there is no “r” in spelling.
I saw-r-a film today

8. Linking and intrusive [r]Linking “r” – an orthographic “r” pronounced word-finally before a vowel.summer͜ activitiesIntrusive “r”

Слайд 109. Combinative changes
[tj, dj, sj] → [ʧ, ʤ, ʃ]
[‘æktjʋəl] →

[‘ækʧʋəl]
In the clusters of two stops, where the loss of

plosion is usually observed, each sound is pronounced with audible release.
[‘æk-tıv]
[j] is lost following [l, s, z, n].
[nu:z]

9. Combinative changes[tj, dj, sj] → [ʧ, ʤ, ʃ][‘æktjʋəl] → [‘ækʧʋəl]In the clusters of two stops, where

Слайд 1110. Elision, reduction, assimilation
This tendency is reflected in the pronunciation

of the young generation.
have to [‘həftə],
perhaps you [pə’hæpʃu:],
can

[kn], etc.

10. Elision, reduction, assimilationThis tendency is reflected in the pronunciation of the young generation.have to [‘həftə], perhaps

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