dialects. Rise of the London dialect.
III. ME vowel system. General
characteristics. IV. ME Noun.
V. ME Verbal System
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ME Phonology. ME Morphology
Содержание
- 1. ME Phonology. ME Morphology
- 2. I. Main historical events of the ME
- 3. Middle English (1066-1485)1066 the Norman Conquest.the Normans
- 4. 1066 the Norman ConquestThe new overlords spoke
- 5. French was used in official documents, court;
- 6. 1204 King John Lackland lost Normandy to
- 7. The Black Death (the Plague. 1348-1351);By 1362
- 8. War of the Roses (1455-1485), York (white
- 9. ME dialects. Rise of the London dialect.the Northern The Centralthe Southern
- 10. In England the new standard language which
- 11. ME vowel system. General characteristics.French influence:The new
- 12. Shorteningthe vowels are shortened before 2 consonants,
- 13. ShorteningA long vowel is shortened before one
- 14. Lengtheningin the 13th c. short vowels were
- 15. Qualitative changes: Dialect ChangesOE hlāf ME lāf (Northen)ME lōf (other dialects)
- 16. Y,y (long and short) OE fyllanME
- 17. å (nasal, before “m”, “n”)OE månME man (Northen, Southern, East Midland dialects)ME mon (West Midland)
- 18. Æ (short)OE wæs ME wes (West Midland and South Eastern)ME was (other dialects)
- 19. Æ (long) OE slæpan – ME slēpen
- 20. Levelling of unstressed vowelsAll unstressed vowels were
- 21. New diphthongs arose during the transition from
- 22. French loanwords supplied the inventory with the
- 23. ME MorphologyThe ME period is marked by
- 24. Reasons for these changes:the mixing of OE
- 25. ME NounThe number of declensions was reduced
- 26. In PDE we still have a few
- 27. The number of cases was reduced to two: Common and Genitive.
- 28. The grammatical categories of the Noun:the category
- 29. The category of Gendera shift from 'grammatical' to 'natural' gender;
- 30. The Definite ArticleIn OE the DA showed
- 31. The VerbOld English marked two tenses (past
- 32. The principle of analogy— the tendency of
- 33. Classes of ME VerbsAt a time when
- 34. The two key changes which affected ME
- 35. The ME Verbal SystemIn ME the system
- 36. The Future Tense The future tense with
- 37. The Perfect Tenses and Passive FormsThe Perfect
- 38. The Continuous TensesThe Continuous tenses, formed with
- 39. By the end of ME the perfect,
- 40. ME SyntaxAs the inflectional system decayed, other devices were increasingly used to replace it.
- 41. Word-order became more important: S-V-O word-order became
- 42. Скачать презентанцию
I. Main historical events of the ME period. II. ME dialects. Rise of the London dialect.III. ME vowel system. General characteristics. IV. ME Noun.V. ME Verbal System
Слайды и текст этой презентации
Слайд 2I. Main historical events of the ME period.
II. ME
dialects. Rise of the London dialect.
characteristics.IV. ME Noun.
V. ME Verbal System
Слайд 3Middle English (1066-1485)
1066 the Norman Conquest.
the Normans were descendants of
Danish Vikings who settled in northern France (Normandy) in the
9th and 10th c.1485 – the accession of Henry VII, the first Tudor monarch
Слайд 41066 the Norman Conquest
The new overlords spoke a dialect of
Old French known as Anglo-Norman.
Anglo-Saxon earls were deprived of
property, killed; many French nobles made their home in Britain; 
Слайд 5French was used in official documents, court; was the language
of upper class
(till the 13th c.)
Latin
was the language of the church, of scholarship, and of international communication; English - at the spoken level (except in court), among lower classes (peasants and slaves) (the 14th c. its thriumph).
Слайд 61204 King John Lackland lost Normandy to the French;
1215 Magna
Carta (Latin “Great Paper”) was written in Latin;
1258 the
first royal proclamation of Henry III issued in English since the conquest; the Hundred Year's War (1337-1453);
Слайд 7The Black Death (the Plague. 1348-1351);
By 1362 CE, the Statute
of Pleading (although written in French) declared English as the
official spoken language of the courts;Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400), an English author, poet, diplomat, the father of English language, his narrative Canterbury Tales (1386-1400).
Слайд 8
War of the Roses (1455-1485), York (white rose) vs. Lancaster
(red rose);
1476 William Caxton brought a printing press to England
from Germany. Beginning of the long process of standardization of spelling. 
Слайд 10
In England the new standard language which arose in the
late Middle Ages was not descended from the West Saxon
literary language. It was based on the East Midland dialect (OE Mercian)
Слайд 11ME vowel system. General characteristics.
French influence:
The new diagraphs of French
origin: “ou” (ME double), “ie” (ME chief), “ch”. The two-fold
use of “g” and “c” owes its origin to French (ME mercy).Replacement of final –i by –y, which is more ornamental (ME very).
Слайд 12Shortening
the vowels are shortened before 2 consonants, but remain long
in other environment. Exception: -ld, -nd, -mb:
OE cēpan – ME
kēpenOE cēpte – ME kepte
OE wēnde – ME wēnde
Слайд 13Shortening
A long vowel is shortened before one consonant in some
3 syllable words.
OE sūþerne – ME suþerne
Слайд 14Lengthening
in the 13th c. short vowels were lengthened in open
syllables.
OE talu – tāle
Lengthening affected “a”, “e”, “o”.
Слайд 16Y,y (long and short)
OE fyllan
ME fillen (Northen and East Midland
groups)
ME fullen (West Midland and South Western)
ME fellen (South-Eastern group)
Слайд 17
å (nasal, before “m”, “n”)
OE mån
ME man (Northen, Southern, East
Midland dialects)
ME mon (West Midland)
Слайд 20Levelling of unstressed vowels
All unstressed vowels were weakened and reduced
to a neutral /ǝ/, which was denoted by the letter
“e”.OE bindan – ME binden
Слайд 21New diphthongs arose during the transition from OE to ME
from vocalisations of OE w, g, h, such as:
ME dai
(cf. WS dag), ME drawe(n) (WS dragan),
ME spewe(n) (cf. WS speowian),
ME saugh (OE seah)
Слайд 22French loanwords supplied the inventory with the two new diphthongs
ui, oi
ME puint,
ME royal .
All OE diphthings were
monophthongized in ME.
Слайд 23ME Morphology
The ME period is marked by a great reduction
in the inflectional system inherited from OE, so that ME
is often reffered to as the period of weakened inflections.
Слайд 24Reasons for these changes:
the mixing of OE with Old Norse.
Frequently, the English and Scandinavian words were sufficiently similar to
be recognizable, but had different sets of inflections (e.g. OE sunu – OScan. sunr);phonological cause. The loss and weakening of unstressed syllables at the end of words destroyed many of the distinctive inflections of OE (OE endings –an, -on, -un, -um all became –en, which was later reduced to –e.
Слайд 25ME Noun
The number of declensions was reduced to two:
ME Strong
declension: Nom. Pl –es; Gen. Sg. –es (OE strong a-stem
declension);ME Weak declension: Nom. Pl. –en; Gen. Sg. –en (OE weak n-stem declension).
Слайд 26
In PDE we still have a few relics of other
declensions: there are the mutated plurals like feet, geese, mice,
and men, where the vowel of the plural was changed by front mutation, and there is no plural ending.
Слайд 28The grammatical categories of the Noun:
the category of case (Common
and Genitive);
the category of number (Singular and Plural);
the category of
gender (masculine, feminine and neuter)types of declension: strong and weak.
Слайд 30The Definite Article
In OE the DA showed three genders (sē
masculine, sēo feminine, þæt neuter), and was declined through all
four cases, singular and plural.The form the arose as Late OE þe, which supplanted sē and sēo.
By the end of the ME period we have reached the modern position, in which the is the only form of the definite article.
Слайд 31The Verb
Old English marked two tenses (past vs present), three
moods (indicative vs imperative vs subjunctive), and three persons (first,
second, third) and two numbers.4 classes of OE verbs.
Слайд 32The principle of analogy— the tendency of language to follow
certain patterns and adapt a less common form to a
more familiar one—is well exemplified in the further history of the strong verbs.
Слайд 33Classes of ME Verbs
At a time when English was the
language chiefly of the lower classes, it was natural that
many speakers should apply the pattern of weak verbs to some which were historically strong.
Слайд 34The two key changes which affected ME verbs:
1) the reduction
of inflectional endings,
2) the shift of strong verbs to
the weak paradigm.
Слайд 35The ME Verbal System
In ME the system of inflections became
much reduced, but a complicated system of tenses is built
up by means of the primary auxilaries (be, have, do) and the modal auxiliaries (shall, should, will, etc.).
Слайд 36The Future Tense
The future tense with shall and will is
established in ME.
In OE these verbs had the connotation
of obligation and desire respectively:OE ic sceal meant “I am obliged to”
OE ic wille meant “I wish to”.
Слайд 37The Perfect Tenses and Passive Forms
The Perfect tenses with habban
or bēon and the passive forms with bēon and weorþan
already existed in OE, but they came to be used more frequently in ME.
Слайд 38The Continuous Tenses
The Continuous tenses, formed with be + the
present participle, also arise in ME, but are not at
all common until the Modern English period.
Слайд 39
By the end of ME the perfect, passive, and continuous
markings of the verb were all well established, though much
less frequently used than today.
Слайд 40ME Syntax
As the inflectional system decayed, other devices were increasingly
used to replace it.
Слайд 41Word-order became more important: S-V-O word-order became the dominant one.
The use of prepositions to perform the functions formely carried
out by word-endings. E.g. prepositions like in, with, by.
