acquired heart defects

one or more of the valves of the heart (the

mitral valve orifice, resulting in impedance of filling of the

arthritis.
Severe calcification of the mitral annulus.
The association of atrial

symptoms
Mod mitral stenosis
MVA 1.0-1.5 cm2 usually does not produce symptoms

years after an episode of rheumatic fever. Single or recurrent

enlargement, predisposing the patient to atrial fibrillation and arterial thromboembolism.

sided failure (Hepatic Congestion, Edema).

to a vibration, like a cat's purring, due to mitral

a loud first heart sound, an opening snap, and a

the pulmonic component is accentuated if pulmonary hypertension is present.

enlargement prominent pulmonary vessels, redistribution of pulmonary vasculature to the

Diagnosis

fibrillation.

quantifying the severity of mitral stenosis. Using a transthoracic 2-dimensional

be precisely quantified. Important information about the ventricular and atrial

echocardiography and is more accurate in assessing the anatomic features

valve demonstrating an increased mean gradient of 16 mm Hg

status, and renal and liver function tests.

defect.

10-A or 10 (depending on the severity of CHF).
MEDICAL:
Treatment

for all patients with symptomatic mitral stenosis. Percutaneous mitral balloon

into the left atrium during systole. It is caused by

population with a similar prevalence in males and females.

left ventricle, because it has to accommodate both the stroke

atrial size and compliance compensate so that left atrial and

asymptomatic for years because the regurgitant volume load is well

displacement relative cardiac dullness to the left, up, down.
Auscultation –

pulmonary vascularity.

of the regurgitation is a function of the distance from

Defect

10-A or 10 (depending on the severity of CHF).

MEDICAL:
Treatment

of flow at the level of the aortic valve and

Aortic stenosis has several etiologies, including congenital (unicuspid

75 years and occurs most frequently in males. Aortic sclerosis

pectoris.
Dyspnea.
Pulmonary edema.
Hemoptysis.

and shifted to the left.
On percussion – displacement of relative

aortic component of the second heart sound, A2, is usually

with aortic stenosis. However, a systolic blood pressure higher than

LV border and apex. Poststenotic dilatation of the ascending aorta

Chest Radiography

depression exceeding 0.3 mV in patients with aortic stenosis indicates

aortic stenosis:
1. An echo-dense aortic valve with no cusp motion

problems to be considered in patients with possible aortic stenosis

10-A or 10 (depending on the severity of CHF).

MEDICAL:
Treatment

valve replacement should be performed in all symptomatic patients with

moderate or severe stenosis(>50 mm Hg) should have valve replacement
Aortic

is aortic valve replacement. The development of symptoms due to

disease.
Relative aortic valve insufficiency due to increased LV cavity.
Trauma.
Congenital

the most common cause of AR worldwide, congenital and degenerative

asymptomatic period that may last for several years.
Palpitations - Often

sign – ‘to and fro’ femoral artery murmur
Quincke’s pulse –

be diffuse or hyperdynamic but is often displaced inferiorly and

than 60 mm Hg, with pulse pressures often exceeding 100

calcification) or functional compromise (pulmonary edema, cardiomegaly).
Chest radiography

thickening
Presence of vegetations or nodules - May require transesophageal echocardiography

and opening of the aortic valve (with severely elevated LV

including the AR regurgitant fraction and the LV/right ventricular (RV)

10-A or 10 (depending on the severity of CHF).
MEDICAL:
Treatment

- Aortic allograft or pulmonary autograft
· Age between 55-75 years

survive 5 years after diagnosis; half survive for 10 years.

heart disease (version 2012).
The Joint Task Force on