452
The human brain ranges in size from 750 cc
to 2100 cc and contains 98% of the body’s neural tissue. The average brain weighs about 1.4 kg (3 lb.).
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Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves part I
Содержание
- 1. Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves part I
- 2. I. An Introduction to the Organization of
- 3. I. An Introduction to the Organization of
- 4. Fig. 14-1, p. 453
- 5. I. An Introduction to the Organization of
- 6. I. An Introduction to the Organization of
- 7. I. An Introduction to the Organization of
- 8. Fig. 14-1, part 1, p. 453
- 9. I. An Introduction to the Organization of
- 10. Fig. 14-1, part 2, p. 453
- 11. I. An Introduction to the Organization of
- 12. I. An Introduction to the Organization of
- 13. Fig. 14-1, part 2, p. 453
- 14. I. An Introduction to the Organization of
- 15. Embryology of the Brain, p. 452 Table
- 16. Embryology of the Brain, p. 452 The
- 17. Table 14-1, p. 454
- 18. Ventricles of the Brain, p. 453 Figure
- 19. Fig. 14-2, p. 454
- 20. Ventricles of the Brain, p. 453 The
- 21. Fig. 14-2a, p. 454
- 22. Ventricles of the Brain, p. 453 The
- 23. Fig. 14-2b, p. 454
- 24. Key The brain is a large, delicate
- 25. II. Protection and Support of the Brain,
- 26. The Cranial Meninges, p. 455 Figure 14-3The
- 27. The distinctive characteristics of the cranial meninges
- 28. The distinctive characteristics of the cranial meninges
- 29. The distinctive characteristics of the cranial meninges
- 30. Fig. 14-3, p. 456
- 31. Fig. 14-3a, bottom, p. 456
- 32. Fig. 14-3a, top, p. 456
- 33. Dural Folds The inner layer of the
- 34. Dural Folds The 3 largest dural folds
- 35. Fig. 14-3b, p. 456
- 36. Cerebrospinal Fluid, p. 456 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- 37. The Formation of CSF The choroid plexus
- 38. The Protective Function of the Cranial MeningesThe
- 39. Circulation of CSF The choroid plexus produces
- 40. Fig. 14-4, p. 457
- 41. Fig. 14-4a, p. 457
- 42. Fig. 14-4b, p. 457
- 43. The Blood Supply to the Brain, p.
- 44. The Blood Supply to the Brain, p.
- 45. The Blood-Brain Barrier Neural tissue in the
- 46. The Blood-Brain Barrier Only lipid-soluble compounds (e.g.
- 47. The Blood-Brain Barrier A blood-CSF barrier is
- 48. The Blood Supply to the Brain, p.
- 49. Key The meninges stabilize the position
- 50. III. The Medulla Oblongata, p. 459 Figure
- 51. Fig. 14-5, p. 460
- 52. Fig. 14-5a, p. 460
- 53. Fig. 14-5b, p. 460
- 54. Fig. 14-5c, p. 460
- 55. The medulla oblongataFigure 14-6The medulla oblongata contains
- 56. The medulla oblongata includes 3 groups of
- 57. 1. Autonomic nuclei controlling visceral activities: The
- 58. 1. Autonomic nuclei controlling visceral activities: There
- 59. Fig. 14-6, p. 461
- 60. Fig. 14-6a, p. 461
- 61. 2. Sensory and motor nuclei of cranial
- 62. 3. Relay stations along sensory and motor
- 63. Fig. 14-6b, p. 461
- 64. IV. The Pons, p. 462 Figure 14-6cThe
- 65. Fig. 14-6c, p. 461
- 66. IV. The Pons, p. 462 The pons
- 67. V. The Cerebellum, p. 462 Figure 14-7The
- 68. Fig. 14-7, p. 463
- 69. V. The Cerebellum, p. 462 Figure 14-7The
- 70. Fig. 14-7a, left, p. 463
- 71. Fig. 14-7a, right, p. 463
- 72. V. The Cerebellum, p. 462 The flocculonodular
- 73. Fig. 14-7b, left, p. 463
- 74. Fig. 14-7b, right, p. 463
- 75. V. The Cerebellum, p. 462 The internal
- 76. V. The Cerebellum, p. 462 Cerebellar nuclei
- 77. VI. The Mesencephalon, p. 464 Table 14-4
- 78. Fig. 14-8, p. 465
- 79. VI. The Mesencephalon, p. 464 Structures of
- 80. VI. The Mesencephalon, p. 464 Structures of
- 81. Fig. 14-8a, p. 465
- 82. Fig. 14-8b, p. 465
- 83. Скачать презентанцию
I. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain, p. 452 The human brain ranges in size from 750 cc to 2100 cc and contains 98% of the body’s neural
Слайды и текст этой презентации
Слайд 2I. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain, p.
452
to 2100 cc and contains 98% of the body’s neural tissue.The average brain weighs about 1.4 kg (3 lb.).
Слайд 3I. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain, p.
452
A Preview of Major Regions and Landmarks, p. 452
Figure 14-1
The
largest part of the brain is the cerebrum, which controls the higher mental functions such as thought, memory and conscious movement. 
Слайд 5I. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain, p.
452
The cerebrum is divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres,
and covered by a surface layer of gray matter or neural cortex (cerebral cortex). 
Слайд 6I. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain, p.
452
The surface is folded to increase surface area, forming
elevated
ridges (gyri),shallow depressions, (sulci),
and deep grooves (fissures).
Слайд 7I. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain, p.
452
The second largest part of the brain is the cerebellum,
which coordinates repetitive body movements. The cerebellum also has 2 hemispheres and is covered in cerebellar cortex.
Слайд 9I. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain, p.
452
Underneath the cerebrum and cerebellum is the diencephalon, which links
the cerebrum with the brain stem. The diencephalon is divided into the left thalamus and right thalamus, which relay and process sensory information, and the hypothalamus, which is involved in hormone production, emotion and autonomic function.
Слайд 11I. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain, p.
452
The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland (a major
endocrine gland) via a small stalk called the infundibulum. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are the interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system.
Слайд 12I. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain, p.
452
The brain stem, which processes information between the spinal cord
and the cerebrum or cerebellum, includesthe mesencephalon,
the pons,
and the medulla oblongata
Слайд 14I. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain, p.
452
The mesencephalon (midbrain) processes sight and sound (and their associated
reflexes) and maintains consciousness. The pons connects the cerebellum to the brain stem, and is involved in somatic and visceral motor control.
The medulla oblongata connects the brain to the spinal cord. In addition to relaying information, the medulla oblongata regulates autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure and digestion.
Слайд 15Embryology of the Brain, p. 452
Table 14-1
The organization of
brain structures is determined by their embryological development.
The origin
of the brain is the neural tube, which enlarges into 3 areas called primary brain vesicles (the prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon).
Слайд 16Embryology of the Brain, p. 452
The prosencephalon and rhombencephalon subdivide
to form 5 secondary brain vesicles.
Слайд 18Ventricles of the Brain, p. 453
Figure 14-2
The neural tube encloses
a fluid-filled cavity called the neurocoel.
During development, the neurocoel
expands to form chambers called ventricles, which are lined with cells of the ependyma.
Слайд 20Ventricles of the Brain, p. 453
The cerebral hemispheres each contain
a large lateral ventricle, separated from each other by a
thin medial partition called the septum pellucidum. The ventricle of the diencephalon is called the third ventricle. The lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle via the interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro).
Слайд 22Ventricles of the Brain, p. 453
The mesencephalon contains a narrow
canal called the mesencephalic aqueduct (cerebral aqueduct), which connects the
third ventricle with the fourth ventricle.The fourth ventricle extends into the medulla oblongata and becomes continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.
Слайд 24Key
The brain is a large, delicate mass of neural tissue
containing internal passageways and chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
Each of
the five major regions of the brain has specific functions. As you ascend from the medulla oblongata (which connects to the spinal cord) to the cerebrum, those functions become more complex and variable.
Conscious thought and intelligence are provided by the neural cortex of the cerebral hemispheres.
Слайд 25II. Protection and Support of the Brain, p. 455
The tissues
of the brain are supported and protected by:
the bones of
the craniumthe cranial meninges
cerebrospinal fluid
The brain is biochemically isolated from general circulation by the blood-brain barrier.
Слайд 26The Cranial Meninges, p. 455
Figure 14-3
The cranial meninges are made
up of 3 layers (dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia
mater) continuous with the spinal meninges.
Слайд 27The distinctive characteristics of the cranial meninges are:
The cranial dura
mater has an inner fibrous layer (meningeal layer) and outer
fibrous layer (endosteal layer). The endosteal layer is fused to the periosteum. Venous sinuses between the 2 layers receive blood from veins of the brain and deliver it to the jugular veins of the neck.
Слайд 28The distinctive characteristics of the cranial meninges are:
The cranial arachnoid
mater covers the brain and is in contact with the
inner epithelial layer of the dura mater.
Слайд 29The distinctive characteristics of the cranial meninges are:
The pia mater
is attached to the brain surface by astrocytes. The subarachnoid
space is between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.
Слайд 33Dural Folds
The inner layer of the dura mater form dural
folds that extend into the cranial cavity to stabilize and
support the brain. The dural folds contain collecting veins called dural sinuses.Figure 14-3b
Слайд 34Dural Folds
The 3 largest dural folds are the falx cerebri,
the tentorium cerebelli, and the falx cerebelli.
The falx cerebri projects
between the cerebral hemispheres. It contains the superior sagittal sinus and the inferior sagittal sinus.The tentorium cerebelli separates the cerebellum and cerebrum, and contains the transverse sinus.
The falx cerebelli divides the cerebellar hemispheres below the tentorium cerebelli.
Слайд 36Cerebrospinal Fluid, p. 456
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounds all exposed surfaces
of the CNS and interchanges with the interstitial fluid of
the brain. The major functions of CSF are:Cushioning delicate neural structures.
Supporting the brain.
Transporting nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products.
Слайд 37The Formation of CSF
The choroid plexus is a combination of
specialized ependymal cells and capillaries that produce cerebrospinal fluid.
The ependymal
cells secrete CSF into the ventricles, remove waste products from the CSF, and adjust the composition of CSF over time.
Слайд 38The Protective Function of the Cranial Meninges
The cranial meninges and
CSF cushion and protect the brain from cranial trauma that
results from contact with the bones of the cranium.
Слайд 39Circulation of CSF
The choroid plexus produces about 500 ml of
CSF a day, replacing the entire volume of CSF about
every 8 hours.CSF circulates from the choroid plexus thorough the ventricles to the central canal of the spinal cord.
CSF enters the subarachnoid space through 2 lateral apertures and 1 median aperture to circulate around the brain, spinal cord and cauda equina.
Extensions of the subarachnoid space (arachnoid villi) extend through the dura mater to the superior sagittal sinus.
Large clusters of villi form arachnoid granulations which absorb CSF into the venous circulation.
Слайд 43The Blood Supply to the Brain, p. 458
The brain has
a continuous, high demand for nutrients and oxygen which must
be supplied by blood circulation. Blood is supplied to the brain by the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries, and drained from the dural sinuses by the internal jugular veins.
Слайд 44The Blood Supply to the Brain, p. 458
Disorders that interfere
with normal blood circulation to the brain are called cerebrovascular
diseases. A stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA) occurs when the blood supply to a portion of the brain is shut off, and neurons die.
Слайд 45The Blood-Brain Barrier
Neural tissue in the CNS is isolated from
general circulation by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) formed by an
extensive network of tight junctions between endothelial cells lining the capillaries of the CNS.
Слайд 46The Blood-Brain Barrier
Only lipid-soluble compounds (e.g. O2, CO2, steroids, and
prostaglandins) can diffuse into the interstitial fluid of the brain
and spinal cord. Astrocytes release chemicals that control the permeability of the endothelium to other substances, effectively controlling the blood-brain barrier.
Слайд 47The Blood-Brain Barrier
A blood-CSF barrier is formed by specialized ependymal
cells surrounding the capillaries of the choroid plexus, which is
not a part of the neural tissue of the brain.Transport across the blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers is selective and directional, limiting the movement of many compounds. As a result, the chemical composition, pH and concentrations of major ions in blood and CSF are different.
Слайд 48The Blood Supply to the Brain, p. 458
The blood-brain barrier
is continuous except in 4 specific cases:
In portions of the
hypothalamus, where hypothalamic hormones enter the systemic circulation.In the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, where the hormones ADH and oxytocin are released into the circulation.
In the pineal glands, where pineal secretions enter the circulation.
At the choroid plexus, where specialized ependymal cells maintain the blood-CSF barrier.
Слайд 49Key
The meninges stabilize the position of the brain within
the cranial cavity.
Cerebrospinal fluid provides protection against sudden jolts and
shocks. CSF also provides nutrients and removes wastes generated by active neural tissues.
The blood-brain barrier and the blood-CSF barrier selectively isolate the brain from chemicals in blood that might disrupt neural function.
Слайд 50III. The Medulla Oblongata, p. 459
Figure 14-5
The medulla oblongata is
continuous with the spinal cord. It is here that the
central canal opens into the fourth ventricle.
Слайд 55The medulla oblongata
Figure 14-6
The medulla oblongata contains all of the
ascending and descending tracts that allow the brain and spinal
cord to communicate, coordinates complex autonomic reflexes, and controls visceral functions.
Слайд 56The medulla oblongata includes 3 groups of nuclei:
Autonomic nuclei controlling
visceral activities
Sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves
Relay stations along
sensory and motor pathways
Слайд 571. Autonomic nuclei controlling visceral activities:
The reticular formation (a mass
of gray matter with embedded nuclei that extends from the
medulla oblongata to the mesencephalon) within the medulla oblongata regulates autonomic functions.
Слайд 581. Autonomic nuclei controlling visceral activities:
There are 2 major groups
of reflex centers that control peripheral systems:
The cardiovascular centers (subdivided
into the cardiac center and the vasomotor center), and The respiratory rhythmicity centers
Слайд 612. Sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves:
associated with 5
of the 12 cranial nerves (designated by Roman numerals VIII,
IX, X, XI, and XII)
Слайд 623. Relay stations along sensory and motor pathways:
The nucleus gracilis
and the nucleus cuneatus pass somatic sensory information to the
thalamus.The solitary nucleus receives visceral sensory information.
The olivary nuclei (olives) relay information about somatic motor commands.
Слайд 64IV. The Pons, p. 462
Figure 14-6c
The pons links the cerebellum
with the mesencephalon, diencephalon, cerebrum and spinal cord.
Слайд 66IV. The Pons, p. 462
The pons contains 4 groups:
Sensory and
motor nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, VII and VIII.
Nuclei
involved with the control of respiration:The apneustic center and the pneumotaxic center modify the activity of the respiratory rhythmicity center.
Nuclei and tracts that process and relay information heading to or from the cerebellum.
Ascending, descending and transverse tracts
Transverse fibers (axons) link nuclei of the pons with the cerebellar hemisphere of the opposite side.
Слайд 67V. The Cerebellum, p. 462
Figure 14-7
The surface of the cerebellum
is composed of highly folded neural cortex (the folia).
Слайд 69V. The Cerebellum, p. 462
Figure 14-7
The anterior and posterior lobes
are separated by the primary fissure.
At the midline, a narrow
band of cortex (the vermis) separates the cerebellar hemispheres.
Слайд 72V. The Cerebellum, p. 462
The flocculonodular lobe lies below the
fourth ventricle.
The cerebellar cortex contains large, branched Purkinje cells that
receive input from up to 200,000 synapses.
Слайд 75V. The Cerebellum, p. 462
The internal white matter of the
cerebellum is highly branched, in a formation called the arbor
vitae.
Слайд 76V. The Cerebellum, p. 462
Cerebellar nuclei embedded in the arbor
vitae relay information to the Purkinje cells.
The superior cerebellar peduncles,
middle cerebellar peduncles, and inferior cerebellar peduncles are tracts that link the cerebellum with the brain stem, cerebrum and spinal cord. Damage to the cerebellum, or alcohol intoxication, can disturb muscle coordination (ataxia).
Слайд 77VI. The Mesencephalon, p. 464
Table 14-4 summarizes the components and
functions of the mesencephalon or midbrain.
Figure 14-8
Слайд 79VI. The Mesencephalon, p. 464
Structures of the tectum (the roof
of the mesencephalon posterior to the mesencephalic aqueduct) include 2
pairs of sensory nuclei called the corpora quadrigemina:the superior colliculus receives visual input
the inferior colliculus receives auditory input
Слайд 80VI. The Mesencephalon, p. 464
Structures of the tegmentum (anterior to
the mesencephalic aqueduct) include:
the red nucleus (many blood vessels)
the
substantia nigra (pigmented gray matter)The cerebral peduncles (nerve fiber bundles on the ventrolateral surfaces of the mesencephalon) contain descending fibers to the cerebellum, and fibers carrying motor commands.
