of Science Lecturer: Ainur Abdina - Doctor of philosophical sciences, Associate
Professor of Department of Philosophy
Astana 2018
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S.SEIFULLIN KAZAKH AGRO TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY (2708)
Содержание
- 1. S.SEIFULLIN KAZAKH AGRO TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY (2708)
- 2. Тheme 7. The structure
- 3. Plan: Levels of scientific knowledge.2. A variety of methods of scientific research.
- 4. Basic concepts:Levels of scientific knowledge Philosophical methodsScientific methodsParticular methodsTechniques of scientific research.
- 5. Levels of scientific knowledgeEmpirical (sensory) levelBasic forms
- 6. Empirical levelSensations are the most basic sensory
- 7. Empirical levelPerception is more integrated form of
- 8. Levels of scientific knowledgeTheoretical (rational) levelBasic shapes
- 9. Theoretical (rational) levelConcept - a form of
- 10. Theoretical (rational) levelJudgment is a next form
- 11. Metatheoretical level Metatheoretical level is a highest
- 12. The structure of scientific knowledge appears
- 13. Methodology of scientific knowledge1. General, philosophical methods. 2. Scientific methods. 3. Specific methods. 4. Private techniques.
- 14. General, philosophical methodsScope of philosophical methods most
- 15. Dialectical method1. The laws of dialectics a)
- 16. Dialectical method2. Philosophical categories: general,
- 17. Dialectical method 3. Refers to the object
- 18. Scientific methodsAll scientific methods for the analysis
- 19. Scientific methodsThe methods of the theoretical level:axiomatic,
- 20. Scientific methodsThe methods of empirical level: observation, description, measurement, comparison, experiment, modeling.
- 21. Specific methodsSpecial methods specific to individual sciences
- 22. Private techniquesA special group of methods form
- 23. Скачать презентанцию
Тheme 7. The structure and level of scientific knowledge. The methodology of science. The purpose of the lecture: identifying the structure of scientific knowledge, the
Слайды и текст этой презентации
Слайд 1 S.SEIFULLIN KAZAKH AGRO TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY (2708) History and Philosophy
Слайд 2 Тheme 7. The structure and level of scientific knowledge. The
methodology of science.
The purpose of the lecture: identifying the
structure of scientific knowledge, the analysis of methodology of science.
Слайд 4Basic concepts:
Levels of scientific knowledge
Philosophical methods
Scientific methods
Particular methods
Techniques of
scientific research.
Слайд 5Levels of scientific knowledge
Empirical (sensory) level
Basic forms are sensations, perception
and representation.
Common characteristics of sensory perception are its specificity and
finiteness.
Слайд 6Empirical level
Sensations are the most basic sensory data, a kind
of “atoms" of sensory perception. Typically, they are simple in
sensory modality, i.e., represent a pure sound, color, taste, etc. and, moreover, instant in time.
Слайд 7Empirical level
Perception is more integrated form of sensory perception, is
a complex of sensations, organized in space and time.
Representations are
higher level of organization of sensory perception, combining a variety of perceptions of time and space. A classic example of the representation is memory.
Слайд 8Levels of scientific knowledge
Theoretical (rational) level
Basic shapes are concepts, judgments
and conclusions.
Main characteristics of rational cognition are abstract and
timeless.
Слайд 9Theoretical (rational) level
Concept - a form of thinking; a thought
on the subject, expressing its essential features.
Each concepts distinguish
two main features - the scope and the meaning. Scope of the concept is a set of objects, which are indicated by this concept.
The meaning is a set of attributes, which are characterized by the concept in the definition.
Слайд 10Theoretical (rational) level
Judgment is a next form of rational knowledge,
which representing a communication of concepts.
The third form of
rational cognition is a conclusion. This is high level of rational knowledge, which is expressed in relation of set of propositions.
Слайд 11Metatheoretical level
Metatheoretical level is a highest level of scientific
knowledge, which is a set of principles, norms, ideals that
make up the foundation of scientific theories and science in general, which provide unity and certainty of scientific activity, affect the nature of the emerging theoretical knowledge.
Слайд 12 The structure of scientific knowledge appears as a unity of
the following elements:
1) The actual detection of the objective
laws, drawn from empirical experience; 2) The result of the initial generalizations in terms of;
3) The problem and research hypotheses based on the facts;
4) The laws, principles and theories;
5) The philosophical position;
6) The methods and standards of scientific knowledge;
7) Social cultural basis;
8) Style of thinking.
Слайд 13Methodology of scientific knowledge
1. General, philosophical methods.
2. Scientific methods.
3. Specific methods.
4. Private techniques.
Слайд 14General, philosophical methods
Scope of philosophical methods most widely used. Among
the philosophical methods belongs to the dialectical method.
Слайд 15Dialectical method
1. The laws of dialectics
a) the unity and
struggle of opposites;
b) transition from quantitative to qualitative changes;
c) the negation of the negation.
Слайд 16Dialectical method
2. Philosophical categories:
general, special and individual;
content and form;
essence and phenomenon;
possibility and reality;
necessity and chance;
cause and effect.
Слайд 17Dialectical method
3. Refers to the object of research as
an objective reality.
4. Consider the studied objects and phenomena:
a) thoroughly;
b) in the universal connection and interdependence;
c) continuous change and development;
g) concretely and historically.
Слайд 18Scientific methods
All scientific methods for the analysis it is advisable
to distribute into three groups: general logical, theoretical and empirical.
General logical methods include analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy.
Слайд 19Scientific methods
The methods of the theoretical level:
axiomatic, hypothetical, formalization, abstraction,
generalization, ascent from the abstract to the concrete, historical, method
of system analysis.
Слайд 20Scientific methods
The methods of empirical level:
observation, description,
measurement, comparison, experiment, modeling.
Слайд 21Specific methods
Special methods specific to individual sciences or practice areas.
These are the methods of chemistry or physics, biology or
mathematics, or metalworking methods of construction.
Слайд 22Private techniques
A special group of methods form a methods, which
are receptions and ways produced for solving some special, private
problems. Choosing the right techniques - an essential condition for the success of the study.
