Chapter 2. Anarchy and the origin of the modern international system: world

system: world politics 1648-1939
According to Wight 1995: «The fundamental cause

is the absence of int. government …the anarchy of sovereign states».
Anarchy - description of the non-hierarchical politics said to be characteristic of int. relations. Anarchy literally means the lack of absence of ruler and is used by international scholars(most by realists)to describe conditions where states find themselves in international politics. The term is suggest that there are differences between int. and domestic political life.

In this chapter also we can find history facts about The Westphallian system of int. politics, which refers to a series of peace treaties that ended the Thirty Years War and, in so doing, introduced the principles of sovereignty to European IR.
Cultural and social development people associate with the Renaissance, Reformation, Holy Roman Empire.

of Int. relations designed to a capture the constant adjustment

and readjustment of the principal actors as they attempt to create a reasonably stable int. system. This Balance might relate to the distribution of power between states but also it might be used to refer to ideal state of stability. For some realists this balance is diplomatic manoeuvring, for others – consequence of rational self-interest.
 

2.2 Peace treaties that shapes IR.

int. relations. Also experiments in global governance and the covenant

of the League of Nations and Wilsons liberal plan to change the very constitution of world politics.

2.3 Preamble to the Covenant of the League of Nations

of Versailles that commited it members to the peaceful resolution

of disputes and if failed, to a policy of collective security.
The League was more than security actor, its social and economic agenda was impressive, it deal with global problems including environmental issues, health and national issues. But at the end the ethos of the League was shattered by a series of political failures.

Chapter 3. Realism: the basics.

One of reasons that realism gas been such an enduring approach in IR is because it sets itself like no-nonsense practical science

to the study of IR. It has been the dominant

intellectual paradigm between realists and liberals. Realists argue for a scientific approach to the study of IR and seek truth or laws that can explain world politics. Realism devided into classical and neo-realism.
Neo-realists argue that anarchical nature of system is what shapes the character of IR.

3.1 Realism in the history of ideas.

state in IR, Morgenthaus classical realism and his 6 principles

of realism, realism and balance of power.

3.1 Power balancing (figure)