Classification of external forces.method of section.Stress

studies experimental and theoretical basis and methods of calculating the

common elements of different constructions, under the influence of external loads on strength, rigidity and stability, taking into account requirements of reliability, efficiency, manufacturability, ease of transportation and installation as well as safety during operation.

between bodies. In problems of strength of materials by external

forces are considered to be always specified. The external forces are the reaction of the supports (connections).External forces are divided into bulk and surface. The body force applied to each particle of the body throughout its volume. An example of volumetric forces is the force of weight and inertia forces. Often asking a simple law of change of these forces by volume. The body force are defined by their intensity, as the limit of the ratio of the resultant of the forces in the considered elementary volume to the value of this volume, seeking to zero: lim V 0 and V F is measured in N/m3.

force applied to a small surface, whose dimensions are small

compared to body size. However, when calculating stresses near the zone of application of the force load should be considered distributed. To concentrated loads include not only force but also a pair of forces, an example of which can be considered load of a wrench when tightening the nuts. Concentrated efforts are measured in kN.Distributed loads are distributed along the length and square . To distributed loads include the pressure of liquid, gas, or other body. Distributed forces are measured, as a rule, in kN/m (distributed over length) and kN/m2 (distributed by area).

loads are considered in the application process which the resultant

of the inertia forces are small and can be neglected. If inertia forces are high (for example earthquake) loads are dynamic. Examples of such loads can also serve as a suddenly applied load, shock and re-variables. Suddenly applied loads transferred to the structure fromfull its value (for example the pressure of the wheels of the locomotive, a part of the bridge).Shock loads occur when a rapid speed change of the osculating elements of a design, e.g." when you hit women falling weight of a pile during driving. Re-variable loads act on the structure of repeating a significant number of times. Such, for example, re-pressure steam, alternately tensile and compressive piston rod and the connecting rod of a steam engine. In many cases, the load is a combination of several types of dynamic effects

body of the plane and consider the equilibrium of any

one of the clipping partsA method of sections allows to determine the magnitude of the internal force factors in the section, but does not allow to establish the distribution of internal forces over the cross section. To assess the safety, you must determine the amount of force falling on any point of the cross section.

in the body, that is, tension is an internal force

per unit area. By its nature, stress is the surface load occurring on the internal surfaces of the contact parts of the body. Voltage, as well as the intensity of the external surface load, is expressed in units of force per unit area:PA=N/m2 (MPa = 106 N/m2, kgf/cm2=98 066 PA ≈ 105pa, TF/m2, etc.).

the Internal stress acting on it are denoted by ∆R

->. Full secondary voltage of the pad R =∆R ->/∆A . Find the limit of this ratio when ∆A ->0 . This will be a full voltage to (the point) of the body.

applied on the elementary Playground is a vector quantity and

can be decomposed into two components: perpendicular to the ground – normal stress σn and tangential to the pad – shear stress Tn. Here n is the normal to the designated site 1. Shear stress, in turn, can be decomposed into two components parallel to the coordinate axes x, y, associated with the cross-section is nx ny. In the name of shear stress, the first subscript indicates the normal to the area,the second index is the direction of shear stress.

the considered point stands infinitely small volume element (a box

with sides dx, dy, dz), at each side of which are, in the General case, three voltage, for example, for faces perpendicular to x-axis (site x) – σx xy xz Stress components on three perpendicular faces of the elements form a system of stresses is described by the special matrix –stress tensor

to the axis x, the second and the third to

the y-axis and z respectively.When you rotate the coordinate axes coinciding with the normals to the faces selectedelement stress components change. Rotate the selected item around the coordinate axes, we can find the position of the element in which all shear stresses on the faces of the element is equal to zero.The ground on which shear stresses are zero, is called the main platform.Normal stress on the main floor is called the main voltageThe normal to the main site is called the principal axis of the stress .Each point can hold three mutually perpendicular main site.When rotating the axes changes the components of the stress, but does not change the stress-strain state of the body (VAT).

Cross-section deformation is not curved, i.e. remain flat -> tensile-compression

all the longitudinal fibers extend to the ode and the same size.

b – the narrowing of the rod
Are relative deformation:
- longitudinal

deformation

- transverse deformation

– modulus of elasticity

([E] = МПа)

Steel: E ~ 2·105 МПа
Copper: E ~ 1·105 МПа
Concrete: E ~ 104 …105 МПа
Aluminum: E ~ 7·104 МПа

resistance
[] – allowable stress