Complete the sentences using verbs in the correct form

their equipment to be ready to respond to a fire

as quick as possible. to keep fit
2. Modern facilities __ at the station. to keep fit

1. A child __ about the danger of playing with a fire. to warn
2. The teacher __ the pupils about the exam. to warn

1. New and more efficient methods of firefighting __ by our scientists. to develop
2. The researchers __ new less hazardous means of fire extinguishment in this laboratory. to develop

1. The fire safety engineer __ the time of the next fire inspection. to appoint
2. After leaving a fire service college he __ a station officer. to appoint

1. Fire __ all over the city. to burn
2. All his belongings __ in the fire. to burn

elements __ ancient Greek philosophy and science that was commonly

associated __ the qualities __ energy, assertiveness, and passion.
A fire __ any time and __ any location, requires three basic elements: combustible fuel, oxygen to combine __ the fuel __ combustion and the source __ ignition.
Fire is used __ nearly every human being __ earth __ a controlled setting every day.
The rate __ combustion depends __ the character __ materials involved __ the process.
If you remove any component __ the fire triangle it will lead __ the collapse __ and the combustion will cease.
There are a lot __ factors which influence __ the behavior __ a fire.
Fire safety refers __ precautions that are taken to prevent or reduce the likelihood __ a fire that may result __ death, injury, or property damage.
A backdraft is an explosive event __ a fire resulting __ rapid reintroduction __ oxygen __ combustion, __ example, the breaking __ a window or opening __ a door __ an enclosed space.

electricity is directly transmitted through a substance when there is

a difference of temperature or of electrical potential between adjoining regions, without movement of the material.

tendency of hotter and therefore less dense material to rise,

and colder, denser material to sink under the influence of gravity, which consequently results in transfer of heat.

your structure from being damaged by a wildland fire is

to prevent it from starting on fire in the first place. To do this, one must know of the many ways fire spreads from one fuel source to another.
One way a structure starts on fire is through radiation. Heat travels via electromagnetic waves, without objects or gases carrying it along. Radiated heat goes out in all directions, unnoticed until it strikes an object. Burning buildings can radiate heat to surrounding structures, sometimes even passing through glass windows and igniting objects inside. The amount of heat produced depends on:

more heat;
the amount of surface area on the

structure exposed to the radiant heat: the larger - the piece of surface that is exposed, the greater the chance of ignition;
duration of exposure: the more time the structure is exposed the greater the likelihood of ignition;
- the distance between the flames and the structure: the closer the flames are to the structure, the greater the chance of ignition.
A second way a structure may start on fire is through conduction. Conduction is caused by direct contact between the flame and the structure. Firebrands, which are small pieces of burning material often carried by wind, can start new fires, and are a common form of conduction. Minimizing the chance of loss due to firebrand-started ignitions include:

home. This is especially important when considering the type of

roof to install;
- planting appropriate vegetation around structures.
Convection is a third way fire spreads. Convection is caused by the superheated air that rises from the fires and preheats the fuels above it. Convection is most often associated with steep slopes and the "Chimney Effect". The best way to minimize loss due to convective heating include:
- build all structures back away from steep slopes. The edge of these steep slopes often provides the best view but can also make the home extremely difficult to protect during a wildland fire;
– avoid building your home at the top of steep canyons.

types of spreading, the chances of the structure being lost

or damaged to a wildfire will be minimized.

The text is addressed to…
A) house owners.
B) firefighters.

C) fire inspectors.
D) architects.

2. The purpose of the author is to inform …
A) about the ways the fire spreads from one place to another.
B) how to prevent fires from starting.
C) how fires usually start.
D) what to do when the fire occurs.

3. Wildland fire starts…
A) inside the house.
B) outside the house.
C) in the roof.
D) in the fireplace.

B) “to build”.
C) “to separate”.
D) “to isolate”.

5.

Which of the following statements is false?
A) The larger the flame the more heat is emitted.
B) The larger the surface area exposed to the heat the greater the chances of ignition.
C) The more the distance between the flame and the structure the greater the chance of ignition.
D) The longer the structure is exposed to the flame the greater the chances of ignition.

6. The word “likelihood” means …
A) “chance”.
B) “exposure”.
C) “time”.
D) “duration”.

material because of direct contact is called…
A) radiation.
B)

convection.
C) conduction.
D) combustion.

8. The flow of fluid or gas from hot areas to cooler ones is called…
A) radiation.
B) convection.
C) conduction.
D) combustion.

9. People do not notice heat until it strikes an object in case of…
A) radiation.
B) convection.
C) conduction.
D) combustion.

10. “Chimney effect” in this text refers to…
A) a fire started in the chimney.
B) a brick or stone structure that is built over a fireplace.
C) a house built on the top of a steep canyon.
D) a column of hot gas and smoke that rises high into the air from the fire.

ignition of most of the directly exposed combustible material in

an enclosed area. When certain organic materials are heated they undergo thermal decomposition and give off flammable gases. Flashover occurs when the majority of the exposed surfaces in a space are heated to their ignition temperature and emit flammable gases. Flashover normally occurs at 500 °C (930 °F) or 1,100 °F for ordinary combustibles

piece of furniture is ignited in a room. The fire

involving the initial piece of furniture can produce a layer of hot smoke which spreads across the ceiling in the room. The hot buoyant smoke layer grows in depth, as it is bounded by the walls of the room. The radiated heat from this layer heats the surfaces of the directly exposed combustible materials in the room, causing them to give off flammable gases. When the temperature of the evolved gases becomes high enough, these gases will ignite, throughout their extent.

Firefighters are taught to recognize flashovers and avoid backdrafts. For

example, they have certain routines for opening a closed door in a building on fire, such as positioning adjacent to the door instead of in front of it. A firefighter has about 2 seconds to evacuate a flashover environment, even if wearing proper gear.

the questions
1. What is flashover?
2. What should you

do in case of a fire at home?
3. What devices help to detect and put out fires in buildings?

true or false. Correct the false ones.
1. The fire

in the video is a planned one.
2. It is possible to survive flashover.
3. The house has neither a smoke alarm nor a fire sprinklers system.
4. The fire started in the living room.
5. If you discover a fire you should call the fire department first and then leave the house.

fire starts.
7. Firefighters usually arrive ten minutes after the

fire has been reported
8. There is a fire sprinkler on the wall in the room on the left.
9. The fire didn’t do much damage in the left room.
10. The room on the right combusts in flashover in twenty seconds.
11. The purpose of the video is to show lifesaving effectiveness of fire sprinklers.

2. liquefiable – сжижаемый
3. to reach – достигать
4.

suitable – подходящий, годный
5. extinction – тушение пожара
6. compound – соединение, смесь; составной, сложный
7. to take place – происходить
8. jet – компактная струя
9. spray – водяная пыль (распыленная струя)
10. to choose – выбирать
11. to cool cooling – охлаждать – охлаждающий; охлаждение
12. quantity – количество
13. sand – песок

– покрытие, покров
17. dry powder – сухой порошок
18.

live – находящийся под напряжением
19. exception – исключение
20. nozzle – насадок, ствол
21. electrically dead – обесточенный
22. to apply – применять, употреблять, обращаться
23. available – имеющийся в распоряжении
24. flexible – гибкий, податливый
25. to decompose – разлагаться,
26. to liberate – освобождать
27. to aggravate – ухудшат