evolution of computer systems

was invented, there are several inventions of counting machines.

and functional computer, including all the hardware and software required

to make it functional for a user.
It should have the ability to receive user input, process data, and with the processed data, create information for storage and/or output.
A computer system allows users to input, manipulate and store data. Computer systems typically include a computer, monitor, keyboard, mouse and other optional components. All of these components also can be integrated into all-in-one units, such as laptop computers.

started to count the numbers, he thought of a device

which can trace the numbers and thus came the existence of ABACUS. It was the first counting device which was developed in China more than 3000 years ago. The name Abacus was obtained from Greek word Abax which means slab. This device basically consists of a rectangular wooden frame and beads. The frame contains horizontal rods and the beads which have holes are passed through the rods. Counting was done by moving the beads from one end of the frame to the other.

contains a set of rods made of bones. It was

developed by John Napier, a Scottish Mathematician and hence the device was named as Napier’s Bones. The device was mainly developed for performing multiplication and division. Later in 1614 he also introduced logarithms.

Blaise Pascal, a French Mathematician. It was the first device

with an ability to perform additions and subtractions on whole numbers. The device is made up of interlocked cog wheels which contains numbers 0 to 9 on its circumference. When one wheel completes its rotation the other wheel moves by one segment. Pascal patented this device in 1647 and produced it on mass scale and earned a handful of money.

expensive and often unreliable. In 1946, two Americans, Presper Eckert

and Willian Mauchly build the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). It use vacuum tube instead of mechanical switches of the MARK MARK I Features:
It could perform five basic arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and table reference
It took approximately 0.3 seconds to add two numbers and 4.5 seconds for multiplication of two numbers
MARK I Disadvantages :
It was huge in size
Complex in design.
Very slow

the first digital computer invented by Mauchly and Ekert
In 1951,

Eckert and Mauchly build the UNIVAC, which could calculate at the rate of 10,000 addition per seconds.

is a small device that transfers electronic signals through resistors
The

creation of transistor spark the production of a wave of second generation computer. Transistor was small devices use to transfer electronic signals across a resister. Transistors had many advantages compared to other hardware technology.
transistors were smaller than vacuum tubes
they needed no warm up time
consumed less energy
generated much less heat
faster and more reliable
 

that made it possible to integrate large number of circuit

elements into very small surface of silicon known as chips. This new technology was called INTEGRATED CIRCUIT INTEGRATED CIRCUIT 
Advantages A new concept in this generation was that of a family of computer which allowed computer to be upgraded and expanded as necessary. ·
Silicone chips were reliable, compact and cheaper.
· Sold hardware and software separately which created the software industry.
· customer service industry flourished (reservation and credit checks)

generations to evolve. The growth of the computer industry developed

technologies of computer inventions. There are many types of computer models such as:
· Apple Macintosh



· IBM


· DELL

· ACER

1976, Steve Jobs built the first Apple computer. Then, in

1981, IBM introduced its first personal computer.
During the fourth generation, hardware technology such as silicone chips, microprocessor and storage devices were invented. A microprocessor is a specialized chip which is developed for computer memory and logic.

contained thousands of transistors. The transistors on this one chip

are capable of performing all of the functions of a computer's central processing unit.
Advantages
· Computers became 100 times smaller than ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) the first computer
· Gain in speed, reliability and storage capacity
· Personal and software industry boomed

advance and are still being development to become more efficient.

The inventions of new hardware technology in the fifth generation have grown rapidly including many other modern computer devices such as :
· silicone chips
· processor
· robotics
· virtual reality
· intelligent systems
· programs which translate languages

computer has become more advanced, modern and sophisticated. The latest

invention in the era of computers are :
· Super Computers
· Mainframe Computers
· Mini Computers
· Personal Computers
· Mobile Computers
In the new era of computers, expert system such as teleconferencing and speech-recognition system have been invented as part of modern world communication tools.