F rom Kyoto to Paris

руководитель: Афонин Юрий Николаевич

Conference 2015
The positions of the countries :
United States of America
Germany

Japan
Russia
7.Economic evaluation of the project
8.Environmental assessment of the project
9.Social significance of the project
10.Conclusion

Unfortunately, most people
treat these words dismissively, not giving them proper

attention and not
delving into the deeper meaning of who they are. Over the centuries of
human existence on the planet, people used to be consumers, to take from
the Earth all that we need, Rashida natural resources, harming the
environment.
Since 1850 the average temperature on the planet rose by almost 1
degree. Seemingly 1 degree is not much, but if the temperature
rises even a few degrees it can result in dangerous, irreversible
impacts. Just think that 9 of the 10 hottest years were recorded
since 2000, the area of Arctic ice decreased by an average of 4% per
decade since 1979.

The goal of our project: This project aims to Clarify what are the
changes happened during the period of the signing of the Kyoto
Protocol(the agreement) until the conference in Paris.

issue of climate change are very acute, because it is

from the climate largely depends on the life itself on the planet. This problem concerns all humanity and it is very important to find a common solution that would suit all countries and could have a beneficial, and most importantly effective impact on maintaining an acceptable climate on the Earth. 
Great progress in the solution was the Kyoto Protocol - international agreement adopted in Kyoto (Japan) in December 1997 in addition to the UN framework Convention on climate change (UNFCCC). It commits developed countries and countries with economies in transition to reduce or stabilize greenhouse gas emissions. 

or subject of research
Historical and cultural sources for the development

of the object or subject of research.  In 1992 in Rio de Janeiro at the "Earth Summit" was adopted by the United Nations framework Convention on climate change – agreement on the General principles of action on climate change, signed by more than 180 countries, including all countries of the former USSR, USA, France, Germany, Japan, Canada and other industrialized countries.  The Convention entered into force on 21 March 1994  Later, in 1997, adopted the Kyoto Protocol. C16 March 1998 to 15 March 1999 was opened the time of its signing. Implementation began on 1st January 2008 and ended after 5 years 31 December 2012.  In Russia the law on ratification of the Kyoto Protocol was signed on 16 February 2015.

international treaty, which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention

on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits State Parties to reduce greenhouse gases emissions, based on the fact that global warming exists and man-made CO2 emissions have caused it. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. There are currently 192 Parties (Canada withdrew effective December 2012) to the Protocol.
The main commitment undertaken by industrial countries:  The EU needs to reduce emissions by 8 %  USA — 7%  Japan and Canada — 6 %  The countries of Eastern Europe and the Baltic States — on average 8 %  Russia and Ukraine — to keep average annual emissions in 2008-2012 at the 1990 level  Developing countries, including China and India, commitments on not taking. 

COP 21 or CMP 11 was held in Paris, France,

from 30 November to 12 December 2015. It was the 21st yearly session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the 11th session of the Meeting of the Parties to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol.  The conference negotiated the Paris Agreement, a global agreement on the reduction of climate change, the text of which represented a consensus of the representatives of the 196 parties attending it. The agreement will become legally binding if joined by at least 55 countries which together represent at least 55 percent of global greenhouse emissions. Such parties will need to sign the agreement in New York between 22 April 2016 (Earth Day) and 21 April 2017, and also adopt it within their own legal systems (through ratification, acceptance, approval, or accession). 

on 12 November 1998,during the Clinton presidency. To become binding

in the US, however, the treaty had to be ratified by the Senate, which had already passed the 1997 non-binding Byrd-Hagel Resolution, expressing disapproval of any international agreement that did not require developing countries to make emission reductions and "would seriously harm the economy of the United States". The resolution passed 95-0.Therefore, even though the Clinton administration signed the treaty, it was never submitted to the Senate for ratification.

the unprecedented heat. In July and August in some Federal

länder, the daytime temperature was reached 40.3 degree Celsius, a record 135 years of observation."We want to conclude in Paris the first truly global climate agreement," said Minister of state in the Ministry of foreign Affairs, Maria Boehmer (Maria Böhmer) at a briefing held at the Foreign Ministry in Berlin. According to Boehmer, the new agreement should ensure a "real and substantial change" in the process of climate protection. To do this, as many countries have to take commitments and to participate in international funding to reduce emissions, she added.  According to the government programme on climate protection 2020, adopted last year, Germany itself intends by 2020 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40 percent compared with 1990 levels, which is taken as the base for defining the obligations of countries to reduce emissions. In 2012, the share of Germany had 940 million tons of greenhouse gases, i.e. 24.7% less than in 1990, according to the document. 

Shinzo Abe stated that the country will fulfil its commitments

to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 26% by 2030 without harming the economy.  "We intend to carry out (obligations) without compromising economic growth", — quotes the statement of the Prime Ministers of Japan Agency Kyodo.  The building of the foreign Ministry on Smolensk square in Moscow.  WWF: the Paris climate agreement - the victory of Russian diplomacy  "Japan upgrades its strengths (including technical capabilities) to continue to play a leading role in the international community" — said Abe.  This summer, Prime Minister of Japan said that Tokyo intends by 2030 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 26% compared with 2013. To achieve the goal, Japan plans to revise the energy balance in the country so that approximately 22-24% was from renewable sources, about 20-22% nuclear capacity, and the remaining amount on the oil, gas and coal. 

talks in Paris on 30 November, the President of the

Russian Federation Vladimir Putin stated that regardless of the outcome of the international climate conference and even in the event of its failure, Russia still by 2030 will reduce emissions up to 70% from the base 1990 level.  Six months of bad weather: how climate change affects natural disasters  "Russia will continue to contribute to joint efforts to prevent global warming," said Putin. He added that Russia will be achieved through breakthrough solutions in the field of energy conservation, including through new nanotechnologies. According to experts, by using additives based on carbon nanotubes only in Russia the emission of carbon dioxide can be reduced to 160-180 million tons in the next fifteen years. 

of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, is very significant for

the world economy, as it affects the field efficiency of the economy as a whole.  The issues of greenhouse gas emissions directly related to the volume of production and electricity generation. Thus, the control of emissions shall entail the imposition of restrictions on the development of the economy. This fact imposes certain restrictions on the possibility of reaching agreements by the international community, but also implies the need to restrict member countries own economy in order to protect the environment.  The UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol does not require countries participating in the compulsory scheme of the national system for the regulation of emissions of greenhouse gases and their absorption. Country to develop and adopt such a system, based on their internal natural, socio-economic conditions and priorities. 

to prevent an environmental catastrophe.  All countries, including Russia, the conference

adopted a national target for the reduction or limitation of greenhouse gas emissions by 2025-2030. Together, these plans will enable you to avoid the most catastrophic consequences and to keep global warming to the year 2100 within 3± degrees Celsius (from the level of the beginning of XX century).  On the one hand, it's better than 4± degrees Celsius, which were discussed earlier. However, according to environmentalists and representatives of the most vulnerable countries, 3± degrees Celsius is not enough. In the end, the agreement had set a goal to keep warming to less than 2± degrees Celsius, and ideally to 1.5± degrees Celsius. 

overall ecological situation in the world begins to worry more

and more people. Many can not remain indifferent, created charitable foundations, different associations aimed at protecting the environment, such as Green Peace. Annually meetings at which citizens are urged not to emit harmful toxins, to reduce the activity of nuclear power plants.

considered as a bold step forward in the fight against

climate change and progress towards a low-carbon economy and a new future.  It is clear that the conference was scheduled to end effective, because the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions cannot be postponed forever. However, the agreement in Paris looks promising. The situation is similar to what the parties were important at least to sign something: an agreement for the sake of agreement. Therefore, programs to reduce emissions of the country are on a voluntary basis, and no hard and fast commitments or quotas, no full-fledged mechanisms to ensure and control at the international level and has not appeared. It looks like political statements rather than international legal mechanism. Fail or not, time will tell. The obvious is to solve global problems need globally: a joint effort by rigid and on the international level.