WRITING AN ESSAY (a possible variant)

the body
Paragraph 2 of the body
Conclusion


Let’s consider each of the

items in detail!

on the problem
The importance of the problem
Your position to the

problem

Paragraph 1

Topic sentence

Supporting sentences

Paragraph 2

Topic sentence

Conclusion

Restating your position

A short summary

AN IDEA TO DEVELOP BY MEANS OF OTHER SUBSEQUENT SENTENCES

IN THE PARAGRAPH
In an essay it is USUALLY THE FIRST SENTENCE OF THE PARAGRAPH, DEFINING WHAT THE PARAGRAPH IS GOING TO BE ABOUT
It always SETS THE TONE FOR THE LANGUAGE ORGANISATION OF THE PARAGRAPH

AN IDEA TO DEVELOP BY MEANS OF OTHER SUBSEQUENT SENTENCES

IN THE PARAGRAPH
In an essay it is USUALLY THE FIRST SENTENCE OF THE PARAGRAPH, DEFINING WHAT THE PARAGRAPH IS GOING TO BE ABOUT
It always SETS THE TONE FOR THE LANGUAGE ORGANISATION OF THE PARAGRAPH

because of several reasons

[controlling data to be developed in the

paragraph]

Example 2: Fast music can be stimulating while gentle music has a
calming effect

often badly used

Example 4: Television has bad effects of people

Example

5: People in Vietnam have several different ways to keep healthy: a balanced diet, proper exercise and a happy mood

Example 6: While some people are convinced of the necessity for doing physical education, others prefer to lead a passive life.

Example 7: Is it necessary and right to clean up our environment at the cost of industry?

an essay…


The importance of animals to people is not always

recognized. We should pay more attention to how we look after and protect animals. Do you agree?

[your teacher’s position] This essay will consider the necessity for treating animals as
living creatures, having the equal right to live and, thus, keeping
favorable conditions to preserve the wildlife

[topic sentence of Animals have always been not only the objects of aesthetic admiration for people but also
the 1st paragraph] indispensable faithful natural beings to keep at home and exploit as a workforce…

[topic sentence of However, there are people who wouldn’t hesitate to murder an animal if it yielded profits ...
the 2nd paragraph]

there be for the following subjects?

1) Should government spend money

on space exploration, or should they spend the money on problems here first?

2) Who should protect the environment – individuals or governments?

3) People naturally resist making changes in their lives. What kind of problems can this cause?

DIRECTLY TIED TO THE TOPIC SENTENCE AND SERVES A MEANS

OF ARGUMENTATION
In a paragraph THERE SHOULD BE UP TO 4 SUPPORTING SENTENCES (to fulfil the requirements for the needed volume)
In a paragraph SUPPORTING SENENCES MUST BE ARRANGED IN LOGICAL ORDER

CAN BE PROVIDED THROUGH:
ENUMERATION;
EXEMPLIFICATION;
COMPARISON / CONTRAST;
CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP;
CLASSIFICATION;
DEFINITION;
TIME ORDER;
SPACE ORDER
THE COMBINATION

OF DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES

REASONS
THE TRANSITION SIGNALS USED HERE ARE:
FIRST OF ALL, FIRST(LY), SECOND(LY),

THIRD(LY), NEXT, LAST (FINALLY), IN ADDITION, BESIDES, MOREOVER, FURTHERMORE, ALSO, THE FIRST + NOUN, THE / A SECOND + NOUN, ONE + NOUN, ANOTHER + NOUN, AN ADDITIONAL + NOUN, ANOTHER POINT IS THAT, FURTHER TO WHAT IS SAID ABOVE
THE EXAMPLE OF THIS TECHNIQUE IS ON THE NEXT SLIDE

TRANSITION SIGNALS USED HERE ARE:
FOR EXAMPLE, FOR INSTANCE, E.G., NAMELY,

(LET’S) TAKE … AS AN EXAMPLE, SUCH AS, AS AN ILLUSTRATION, IN THE FOLLOWING MANNER, A (GOOD) CASE IN POINT
THE EXAMPLE OF THIS TECHNIQUE IS ON THE NEXT SLIDE

AND / OR CONTRAST THINGS
THE TRANSITION SIGNALS USED HERE ARE:
LIKEWISE,

ALSO, IN CONTRAST, INSTEAD, AFTER ALL, LIKE, TOO, ON THE OTHER HAND, RATHER, UNLIKE, SIMILARLY, IN THE SAME WAY, NEVERTHELESS, ON THE CONTRARY, AT THE SAME TIME, EQUALLY IMPORTANT, STILL
THE EXAMPLE OF THIS TECHNIQUE IS ON THE NEXT SLIDE

ESTABLISH CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP
THE TRANSITION SIGNALS USED HERE ARE:
CAUSE (0F), REASON

(FOR), (THE) EFFECT, (THE) CONSEQUENCE, (THE) RESULT, THEREFORE, SO, AS A RESULT, AS A CONSEQUENCE, CONSEQUENTLY, BECAUSE OF THIS, THUS, HENCE, FOR THIS REASON, SMTH. CAUSES, SMTH. RESULTS IN, SMTH. LEADS TO, SMTH. PRODUCES, DUE TOM BECAUSE OF, ON ACCOUNT OF, OWING TO, THROUGH, BECAUSE, AS, SINCE, NOW THAT
THE EXAMPLE OF THIS TECHNIQUE IS ON THE NEXT SLIDE

OR GROUP THINGS
THE TRANSITION SIGNALS USED HERE ARE:
CONSIST (0F), COMPRISE,

BE COMPRISED OF, MAY (CAN) BE CLASSIFIED INTO ACCORDING TO, MAY (CAN) BE CLASSED INTO ON THE BASIS OF, MAY (CAN) BE SEPARATED INTO DEPENDING ON (UPON), THE CLASSIFICATION IS BASED ON (UPON), BE A MEMBER OF, BE PLACED IN THE CLASS OF
THE EXAMPLE OF THIS TECHNIQUE IS ON THE NEXT SLIDE

A NEW OR DIFFICULT TERM OR CONCEPT
THE TRANSITION SIGNALS USED

HERE ARE:
X IS (MAY BE) BE DEFINED AS …, … IS KNOWN AS / CALLED X.
THE EXAMPLE OF THIS TECHNIQUE IS ON THE NEXT SLIDE

USED TO SHOW TIME OR SPACE ORDER
THE TRANSITION SIGNALS USED

HERE ARE:
FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, FOURTH, THEN, MEANWHILE, SOON, BEFORE, AFTERWARDS, LATELY, LATER, FINALLY, RECENTLY, TEMPORARILY, PRESENTLY, THEREAFTER, NEXT, EVENTUALLY; HERE, THERE, BEYOND, TO (ON) THE RIGHT, ABOVE, INSIDE, ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE, OVER, TO (ON) THE LEFT, ON TOP OF, IN THE CENTRE / MIDDLE OF, UP, BELOW, ACROSS, WITHIN, NEAR, NEXT TO, BETWEEN, DOWN, IN FRONT OF, FAR, ACROSS FROM, OUTSIDE

THE EXAMPLE OF THIS TECHNIQUE IS ON THE NEXT SLIDE

BE FROM 2 TO 4 SENTENCES IN THE CONCLUSION (OPTIONAL)
You’ve

got to USE A CLEAR TRANSITION SIGNAL
You’ve got to RESTATE OR PARAPHRASE THE SUBJECT
You’ve got to SUMMARIZE MAIN POINTS
You’ve got to GIVE YOUR COMMENT (SOMETHING THAT WOULD MAKE THE READER THINK ABOUT THE PROBLEM)

conclusion [в заключении];
In summary [подводя итог вышесказанному];
In short [короче говоря,

одним словом];
To sum up [подводя итог];
To summarize the points mentioned above [подводя итог вышесказанному];