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WRITING AN ESSAY (a possible variant) презентация, доклад

Содержание

What plan should we keep in mind?Introduction Paragraph 1 of the bodyParagraph 2 of the bodyConclusionLet’s consider each of the items in detail!

Слайды и текст этой презентации

Слайд 1WRITING AN ESSAY (a possible variant)

WRITING AN ESSAY (a possible variant)

Слайд 2What plan should we keep in mind?
Introduction
Paragraph 1 of

the body
Paragraph 2 of the body
Conclusion


Let’s consider each of the

items in detail!
What plan should we keep in mind?Introduction Paragraph 1 of the bodyParagraph 2 of the bodyConclusionLet’s consider

Слайд 3Plan for your essay (extended form)
Introduction
Introduction of a topic
Different views

on the problem
The importance of the problem
Your position to the

problem

Paragraph 1

Topic sentence

Supporting sentences

Paragraph 2

Topic sentence

Conclusion

Restating your position

A short summary

Plan for your essay (extended form)IntroductionIntroduction of a topicDifferent views on the problemThe importance of the problemYour

Слайд 4What is a TOPIC SENTENCE?
It is a sentence which CONTAINS

AN IDEA TO DEVELOP BY MEANS OF OTHER SUBSEQUENT SENTENCES

IN THE PARAGRAPH
In an essay it is USUALLY THE FIRST SENTENCE OF THE PARAGRAPH, DEFINING WHAT THE PARAGRAPH IS GOING TO BE ABOUT
It always SETS THE TONE FOR THE LANGUAGE ORGANISATION OF THE PARAGRAPH

What is a TOPIC SENTENCE?It is a sentence which CONTAINS AN IDEA TO DEVELOP BY MEANS OF

Слайд 5What is a TOPIC SENTENCE?
It is a sentence which CONTAINS

AN IDEA TO DEVELOP BY MEANS OF OTHER SUBSEQUENT SENTENCES

IN THE PARAGRAPH
In an essay it is USUALLY THE FIRST SENTENCE OF THE PARAGRAPH, DEFINING WHAT THE PARAGRAPH IS GOING TO BE ABOUT
It always SETS THE TONE FOR THE LANGUAGE ORGANISATION OF THE PARAGRAPH

What is a TOPIC SENTENCE?It is a sentence which CONTAINS AN IDEA TO DEVELOP BY MEANS OF

Слайд 6What is a TOPIC SENTENCE?
Example 1: Many people keep pets

because of several reasons

[controlling data to be developed in the

paragraph]

Example 2: Fast music can be stimulating while gentle music has a
calming effect

What is a TOPIC SENTENCE?Example 1: Many people keep pets because of several reasons[controlling data to be

Слайд 7What is a TOPIC SENTENCE?
Example 3: The mass media are

often badly used

Example 4: Television has bad effects of people

Example

5: People in Vietnam have several different ways to keep healthy: a balanced diet, proper exercise and a happy mood

Example 6: While some people are convinced of the necessity for doing physical education, others prefer to lead a passive life.

Example 7: Is it necessary and right to clean up our environment at the cost of industry?

What is a TOPIC SENTENCE?Example 3: The mass media are often badly usedExample 4: Television has bad

Слайд 8What is a TOPIC SENTENCE?
Let’s look at topic sentences inside

an essay…


The importance of animals to people is not always

recognized. We should pay more attention to how we look after and protect animals. Do you agree?

[your teacher’s position] This essay will consider the necessity for treating animals as
living creatures, having the equal right to live and, thus, keeping
favorable conditions to preserve the wildlife

[topic sentence of Animals have always been not only the objects of aesthetic admiration for people but also
the 1st paragraph] indispensable faithful natural beings to keep at home and exploit as a workforce…

[topic sentence of However, there are people who wouldn’t hesitate to murder an animal if it yielded profits ...
the 2nd paragraph]

What is a TOPIC SENTENCE?Let’s look at topic sentences inside an essay…The importance of animals to people

Слайд 9What is a TOPIC SENTENCE?
Food for thought
What topic sentences may

there be for the following subjects?

1) Should government spend money

on space exploration, or should they spend the money on problems here first?

2) Who should protect the environment – individuals or governments?

3) People naturally resist making changes in their lives. What kind of problems can this cause?

What is a TOPIC SENTENCE?Food for thoughtWhat topic sentences may there be for the following subjects?1) Should

Слайд 10What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?
It is a sentence which IS

DIRECTLY TIED TO THE TOPIC SENTENCE AND SERVES A MEANS

OF ARGUMENTATION
In a paragraph THERE SHOULD BE UP TO 4 SUPPORTING SENTENCES (to fulfil the requirements for the needed volume)
In a paragraph SUPPORTING SENENCES MUST BE ARRANGED IN LOGICAL ORDER

What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?It is a sentence which IS DIRECTLY TIED TO THE TOPIC SENTENCE AND

Слайд 11What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?
THE LOGICAL ORDER OF SUPPORTING SENTENCES

CAN BE PROVIDED THROUGH:
ENUMERATION;
EXEMPLIFICATION;
COMPARISON / CONTRAST;
CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP;
CLASSIFICATION;
DEFINITION;
TIME ORDER;
SPACE ORDER
THE COMBINATION

OF DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES

What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?THE LOGICAL ORDER OF SUPPORTING SENTENCES CAN BE PROVIDED THROUGH:ENUMERATION;EXEMPLIFICATION;COMPARISON / CONTRAST;CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP;CLASSIFICATION;DEFINITION;TIME

Слайд 12What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?
ENUMERATION
IS USED TO LIST EXAMPLES OR

REASONS
THE TRANSITION SIGNALS USED HERE ARE:
FIRST OF ALL, FIRST(LY), SECOND(LY),

THIRD(LY), NEXT, LAST (FINALLY), IN ADDITION, BESIDES, MOREOVER, FURTHERMORE, ALSO, THE FIRST + NOUN, THE / A SECOND + NOUN, ONE + NOUN, ANOTHER + NOUN, AN ADDITIONAL + NOUN, ANOTHER POINT IS THAT, FURTHER TO WHAT IS SAID ABOVE
THE EXAMPLE OF THIS TECHNIQUE IS ON THE NEXT SLIDE


What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?ENUMERATIONIS USED TO LIST EXAMPLES OR REASONSTHE TRANSITION SIGNALS USED HERE ARE:FIRST OF

Слайд 13What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?
ENUMERATION

What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?ENUMERATION

Слайд 14What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?
EXEMPLIFICATION
IS USED TO INTRODUCE AN EXAMPLE
THE

TRANSITION SIGNALS USED HERE ARE:
FOR EXAMPLE, FOR INSTANCE, E.G., NAMELY,

(LET’S) TAKE … AS AN EXAMPLE, SUCH AS, AS AN ILLUSTRATION, IN THE FOLLOWING MANNER, A (GOOD) CASE IN POINT
THE EXAMPLE OF THIS TECHNIQUE IS ON THE NEXT SLIDE


What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?EXEMPLIFICATIONIS USED TO INTRODUCE AN EXAMPLETHE TRANSITION SIGNALS USED HERE ARE:FOR EXAMPLE, FOR

Слайд 15What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?
EXEMPLIFICATION

What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?EXEMPLIFICATION

Слайд 16What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?
COMPARISON AND/OR CONTRAST
IS USED TO COMPARE

AND / OR CONTRAST THINGS
THE TRANSITION SIGNALS USED HERE ARE:
LIKEWISE,

ALSO, IN CONTRAST, INSTEAD, AFTER ALL, LIKE, TOO, ON THE OTHER HAND, RATHER, UNLIKE, SIMILARLY, IN THE SAME WAY, NEVERTHELESS, ON THE CONTRARY, AT THE SAME TIME, EQUALLY IMPORTANT, STILL
THE EXAMPLE OF THIS TECHNIQUE IS ON THE NEXT SLIDE


What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?COMPARISON AND/OR CONTRASTIS USED TO COMPARE AND / OR CONTRAST THINGSTHE TRANSITION SIGNALS

Слайд 17What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?
COMPARISON AND/OR CONTRAST

What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?COMPARISON AND/OR CONTRAST

Слайд 18What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?
CAUSE & EFFECT
IS USED TO

ESTABLISH CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP
THE TRANSITION SIGNALS USED HERE ARE:
CAUSE (0F), REASON

(FOR), (THE) EFFECT, (THE) CONSEQUENCE, (THE) RESULT, THEREFORE, SO, AS A RESULT, AS A CONSEQUENCE, CONSEQUENTLY, BECAUSE OF THIS, THUS, HENCE, FOR THIS REASON, SMTH. CAUSES, SMTH. RESULTS IN, SMTH. LEADS TO, SMTH. PRODUCES, DUE TOM BECAUSE OF, ON ACCOUNT OF, OWING TO, THROUGH, BECAUSE, AS, SINCE, NOW THAT
THE EXAMPLE OF THIS TECHNIQUE IS ON THE NEXT SLIDE


What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?CAUSE & EFFECT IS USED TO ESTABLISH CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPTHE TRANSITION SIGNALS USED HERE

Слайд 19What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?
CAUSE & EFFECT

What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?CAUSE & EFFECT

Слайд 20What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?
SECONDARY TECHNIQUES (“classification”)
IS USED TO CLASSIFY

OR GROUP THINGS
THE TRANSITION SIGNALS USED HERE ARE:
CONSIST (0F), COMPRISE,

BE COMPRISED OF, MAY (CAN) BE CLASSIFIED INTO ACCORDING TO, MAY (CAN) BE CLASSED INTO ON THE BASIS OF, MAY (CAN) BE SEPARATED INTO DEPENDING ON (UPON), THE CLASSIFICATION IS BASED ON (UPON), BE A MEMBER OF, BE PLACED IN THE CLASS OF
THE EXAMPLE OF THIS TECHNIQUE IS ON THE NEXT SLIDE


What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?SECONDARY TECHNIQUES (“classification”)IS USED TO CLASSIFY OR GROUP THINGSTHE TRANSITION SIGNALS USED HERE

Слайд 21What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?
CLASSIFICATION

What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?CLASSIFICATION

Слайд 22What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?
SECONDARY TECHNIQUES (“definition”)
IS USED TO DEFINE

A NEW OR DIFFICULT TERM OR CONCEPT
THE TRANSITION SIGNALS USED

HERE ARE:
X IS (MAY BE) BE DEFINED AS …, … IS KNOWN AS / CALLED X.
THE EXAMPLE OF THIS TECHNIQUE IS ON THE NEXT SLIDE


What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?SECONDARY TECHNIQUES (“definition”)IS USED TO DEFINE A NEW OR DIFFICULT TERM OR CONCEPTTHE

Слайд 23What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?
DEFINITION

What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?DEFINITION

Слайд 24What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?
SECONDARY TECHNIQUES (“time and space order”)
IS

USED TO SHOW TIME OR SPACE ORDER
THE TRANSITION SIGNALS USED

HERE ARE:
FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, FOURTH, THEN, MEANWHILE, SOON, BEFORE, AFTERWARDS, LATELY, LATER, FINALLY, RECENTLY, TEMPORARILY, PRESENTLY, THEREAFTER, NEXT, EVENTUALLY; HERE, THERE, BEYOND, TO (ON) THE RIGHT, ABOVE, INSIDE, ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE, OVER, TO (ON) THE LEFT, ON TOP OF, IN THE CENTRE / MIDDLE OF, UP, BELOW, ACROSS, WITHIN, NEAR, NEXT TO, BETWEEN, DOWN, IN FRONT OF, FAR, ACROSS FROM, OUTSIDE

THE EXAMPLE OF THIS TECHNIQUE IS ON THE NEXT SLIDE


What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?SECONDARY TECHNIQUES (“time and space order”)IS USED TO SHOW TIME OR SPACE ORDERTHE

Слайд 25What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?
TIME AND SPACE ORDER

What is a SUPPORTING SENTENCE?TIME AND SPACE ORDER

Слайд 26How to write a CONCLUSION?
THE SUGGESTED STRUCTURE OF CONCLUSION
THERE SHOULD

BE FROM 2 TO 4 SENTENCES IN THE CONCLUSION (OPTIONAL)
You’ve

got to USE A CLEAR TRANSITION SIGNAL
You’ve got to RESTATE OR PARAPHRASE THE SUBJECT
You’ve got to SUMMARIZE MAIN POINTS
You’ve got to GIVE YOUR COMMENT (SOMETHING THAT WOULD MAKE THE READER THINK ABOUT THE PROBLEM)


How to write a CONCLUSION?THE SUGGESTED STRUCTURE OF CONCLUSIONTHERE SHOULD BE FROM 2 TO 4 SENTENCES IN

Слайд 27How to write a CONCLUSION?
CONCLUSION TRANSITION SIGNALS
In brief [вкратце, короче];
In

conclusion [в заключении];
In summary [подводя итог вышесказанному];
In short [короче говоря,

одним словом];
To sum up [подводя итог];
To summarize the points mentioned above [подводя итог вышесказанному];

How to write a CONCLUSION?CONCLUSION TRANSITION SIGNALSIn brief [вкратце, короче];In conclusion [в заключении];In summary [подводя итог вышесказанному];In

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