Словообразование. Существительные.

№24», г. Саратов

действия, средство, процесс, состояние
To govern-government, to develop-development, to achieve-achievement, to

advertise-advertisement, to argue-argument, to equip-equipment, to manage-management, to agree-agreement, to enjoy-enjoyment, to fulfill –fulfillment, to employ-employment, to establish-establishment, to punish-punishment, to refresh-refreshment, to replace-replacement, to require-requirement, to treat-treatment, to move-movement, to judge-judgment, to appoint-appointment, pavement.

–tension, to permit-permission, to include-inclusion, to possess-possession, to precise -precision,

process-procession, to submit-submission, to succeed -succession, to exclude-exclusion, to decide- decision,to confess- confession, to express-expression

collect-collection, to adopt- adoption, to adapt- adaptation, to invite-invitation, to

stabilize-stabilization, to apply-application, to elect-election, to decorate-decoration, to educate-education, to celebrate-celebration, to add-addition, to preserve-preservation, to imagine-imagination, to connect-connection, to investigate-investigation, to subscribe-subscription, to invent-invention, to reserve –reservation, to examine-examination, evolution, to form-formation, to inspire-inspiration, to populate-population.

последователя теории, метода, направления
Machine-machinist, science-scientist, physics-physicist, archaeology-archaeologist, journal-journalist, colony-colonist, art-artist,

social-socialist, chemistry-chemist, economy-economist, novel-novelist, race-racist, ecology-ecologist, piano- pianist

образования существительных от глаголов. Существительное с таким окончанием обозначает или

устройство, производящее действие, выраженное глаголом, от которого оно образовано, или лицо, выполняющее это действие. Worker, visitor, teacher, actor, engineer, educator, lawyer, doctor, employer, to lie –liar, writer, carrier, composer, leader, lector, to lock-locker шкафчик, widow-widower, waiter, player, prisoner, receiver, schoolmaster, to remind-reminder, haverst- haverster, to mix-mixer, player, user, maker, reader, buyer, inventor, aviator, lifter, calculator, timer, taker, giver, singer, creator, driver, translator

-hood образует существительные со значением "состояние, положение, качество"
Суффикс -ness образует существительные со

значением "состояние, качество"
Суффикс -ship образует существительные со значением состояния, положения или свойства
Суффикс -dom образует абстрактные существительные со значением статуса или состояния от прилагательных и существительных

clean-cleanliness, selfish-selfishness, forgive-forgiveness, good-goodness, aware-awareness, dark-darkness, cold-coldness, child-childhood, brother-brotherhood, boy-boyhood,

neighbour-neighbourhood, mother-motherhood, false-falsehood, , man-manhood, adult-adulthood, friend-friendship, member-membership, hard-hardship, champion-championship, dictator-dictatorship, leader-leadership, partner-partnership

со значением состояния или свойства от глаголов и прилагательных
Different-difference, independent-independence,

significant-significance, appear-appearance, perform-performance, exist-existence, assist-assistance, correspond-correspondence, absent-absence, circumstance, ignore-ignorance, indifference, occur -occurrence, offend-offence, prefer-preference, pretend-pretence, refer-reference, reside - residence, resist –resistance, frequency, intelligence, competence , clearance, elegance, endurance, fragrance , conference, emergence, occurrence, sequence, expectancy – ожидание , inhabitancy – проживание, militancy – воинственность , occupancy- заполнение, pregnancy – беременность, currency – денежное обращение, emergency – критическая ситуация, fluency – беглость, frequency – частота, urgency – безотлагательность

качества, условия. Суффиксу -ity соответствует суффиксу -ость в русском языке:
Available-availability,

accessable-accessibility, necessary-…….., active-…….., capable-…….., possible-……, responsible-……, national-…….., regular-……., similar-…….., special-………., able-……., human…….., dignified -…….. , personal-………, noble-………, popular-………., various-………., hospitable-………., equal-……, major-………., obese-…….., flexible-…….., real-………, stupid-stupidity, stable-stability, cruel-cruelty, clear-clarity .

meet –meeting, to read- reading, to find-finding, to suffer-suffering, to

earn-earnings, to hide- hiding, to help-helping, to learn- learning, to live-living, to work-working, to warn-warning, to vote-voting, to suppress –suppression, to worry-worrying, to proceed - proceeding , feeling, travelling, thinking, riding, cheating .

результата, а также встречается заимствованиях из французского языка: 
marriage , usage , courage ,

voyage , leakage, homage, breakage, knowledge,  shortage , passage.

процесс
to press - pressure, to mix - mixture, to fix-

fixture, to cultivate- culture , future , lecture 
temperate-temperature ,to depart-departure, to create-creature , to furnish-furniture , to fail-failure, capture , to expose- exposure
 

healthy-health , long – length , deep– depth , strong– strength , grow-growth, warm-warmth,

breathing-breath, dead-death , wide-width, wealthy- wealth

rob – robbery, enquire – enquiry= (inquire – inquiry), discovery,

honesty, jealous-jealousy, cruel-cruelty.

или религиозного течения
racism , Buddhism, capitalism,  vandalism , volcanism, Darwinism, vulgarism, sexism,

criticism, atheism , romanticism, pluralism, plagiarism , organism.

и вещества
to assist - assistant, to serve - servant, to

study-student, to inhabit-inhabitant,  to count – accountant, to expect – expectant, to tolerate– tolerant, to attend– attendant, occupy– occupant.

Ukrainian – украинец, Bulgarian – болгарин, physician – терапевт, academician – академик, musician – музыкант,

Egyptian –египтянин, American-американец, European-европеец, librarian – библиотекарь vegetarian , musician-музыкант, captain, politician

для обозначения лица, на которое направлено действие
to refuge-a refugee –

беженец, an engine- an engineer, volunteer ,to address - an addressee , to trust - a trustee,  to employ  - an employee , to appoint- appointee, to train- a trainee.

существительные со значением положения:
Jewellery, bravery, scenery, revolutionary, monetary

poet-poetess , prince-princess , giant-giantess ,ambassador — ambassadress , ancestor —ancestress, master — mistress , act- actress, tiger-tigress , steward-stewardess ,

author-authoress , lion - lioness