Слайд 2Canadian English is the form of English used in Canada,
spoken as a first or second language by over 25
million Canadians (as recorded in the census of 2001). Canadian English spelling is a mixture of American and British. Pronunciation of the English language in this country is overall very similar to American pronunciation, which is especially true for Central and Western Canadians. The Eastern provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island have a maritime accent which overall sounds more similar to Irish pronunciation than American. There is also some French influence in pronunciation for some English-speaking Canadians who live near, and especially work with French-Canadians.
Introduction
Слайд 3Canadian and American English may sound very similar, but the
spellings used in each version of English vary considerably. Canadian
English does not specifically follow the spellings listed here. Often both forms of spelling are used, but the spellings below are the most-used forms that you find in each language.
-Or and -Our
In Canadian English, people spell words with the -our ending such as colour, labour or favour. American English spells these words color, labor and favor.
Spelling
Слайд 4One L or Two
Canadian English uses fulfil whereas American English
uses fulfill. However, Canadian English will use cancelled, and American
English spells it canceled.
-Er and -Re
American English spells words with an -er ending like center or centered and theater, but Canadian English uses the -re version of centre or centred and theatre.
-Que and -Gue
In Canadian English, words generally use the -que and -gue spellings. Canadian English spells words like catalogue and cheque. However, American English uses catalog or check.
In other cases, Canadians and Americans differ from British spelling, such as in the case of nouns like tire and curb, which in British English are spelled tyre and kerb.
Considerations
While Canadian English favors the more traditional British spellings, some British rules are not used in Canada, such as the -ise ending in Britain rather than an -ize ending.
Слайд 5One of the most salient characteristics of Canadian English is
the pattern that linguists call "Canadian Raising". In the general
discussion of diphthongs, we saw that English has three phonemic diphthongs. Two of these have low vowels as their nucleus: as in ride and as in loud. In Canadian English, both these diphthongs have variants whose occurrence is obligatory under certain phonological conditions. Before a voiceless consonant, the diphthong replaces , and replaces . These variants are called raised or centralized diphthongs, because their nucleus is no longer a low vowel.
Pronunciation
Loud,lout
"Knife, knives"
Слайд 6Pre-rhotic vowels
Another characteristic of Canadian vowels is in the distribution
of pre-rhotic (before-r) vowels. A notable aspect of Canadian pre-rhotic
vowels is their resistance to the emergent pattern in American English of substituting [a] for [o] before inter-vocalic [r]. In a number of highly frequent words, such as sorry, tomorrow, borrow, sorrow, and Laura, this pattern has become obligatory in American English. The pattern is also variably evident in a few more words, such as Florida, orange, oracle, Norwich, adorable, and thesaurus.
The current variability in the pattern suggests that American English is losing [o] before intervocalic [r], but Canadian English maintains [o] in all of these forms. The result is a contrast between the American pronunciations, like [sari] and [baro], and the Canadian pronunciations, [sori] and [boro]. To our knowledge, this feature is not discussed in any published discussion of Canadian dialectology, but we propose that it is a definitive marker of Canadian English.
"Sorry, I left my oranges and chocolate in the forest"
Слайд 7
Borrowings with low vowels
A final, curious property of Canadian English
is in its foreign /a/ nativization. This is the way
the dialect pronounces borrowed words with low vowels, such as pasta, Mazda, drama, and taco. There is a strong tendency for Canadians to pronounce these words with a front , while Americans tend to use [a].
Слайд 8Many Americans regard eh as characteristic of Canadian English. Like
Canadian raising, eh is used by some citizens of southern
Ontario.
interrogative
"You like it, eh?"
narrative
"We had pizza, eh, and beer"
traditional greeting
"How's it going, eh?"
Слайд 9Where Canadian English shares vocabulary with other English dialects, it
tends to share most with American English. Many terms are
shared with Britain, but not with the majority of American speakers. In some cases British and the American terms coexist in Canadian English to various extents; a classic example is holiday, often used interchangeably with vacation, distinguishing the two between a trip elsewhere and general time off work respectively. In addition, the vocabulary of Canadian English also features words that are seldom (if ever) found elsewhere.
Vocabulary
Слайд 10Allophone A resident of Quebec who speaks a first language other
than English or French
Anglophone Someone who speaks English as a first language.
Biffy An outdoor toilet usually located over pit or a septic tank
Chesterfield A sofa, couch, or loveseat (also used in Northern
California and Britain)
Click Slang for kilometre.
Francophone Someone who speaks French as a first language
Joe job A lower-class, low-paying job
Runners Running shoes; sneakers
Sook or suck A crybaby.
Ski-Doo A brand name now used generically to refer to any
snowmobile. Can also be used as a verb
Sniggler Someone who takes the parking spot you wanted, or who
otherwise does something perfectly legitimate, but which
nonetheless inconveniences or annoys you.
Слайд 11Canadianisms : words which are native to Canada or words
which have meanings native to Canada
Слайд 12
NATIVE PEOPLES
Aboriginal rights : Rights guaranteed in the
Charter of Rights and Freedoms to those defined
as Aboriginal by the Constitution Act, 1982
First Nation : An Indian band or community
Native Friendship Centre : An institution in a predominantly non-Aboriginal community to provide social services to Aboriginal people
status Indian : A person registered as an Indian under the Indian Act
Слайд 13GOVERNMENT, LAW AND POLITICS
Bell-ringing : The ringing of
bells in a legislative assembly to summon members for a
vote
Confederation : The act of creating the Dominion of Canada; also the federation of the Canadian provinces and territories
First Ministers : The premiers of the provinces and the Prime Minister of Canada
impaired : Having a blood alcohol level above the legal limit
riding : a district whose voters elect a representative member to a legislative body
RCMP : A member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
transfer payment: A payment from the government to another level of government
Слайд 14SPORTS
Jeux Canada Games : An annual national athletic
competition, with events in summer and winter
murderball :
A game in which players in opposing teams attempt to hit their opponents with a large inflated ball
Participation : A private, nonprofit organization that promotes fitness
Stanley Cup, Grey Cup, Briar, Queen’s Plate: Championships in hockey, (Canadian) football, curling and horse-racing
Слайд 15FOOD AND DRINK
all dressed : A hamburger with all the
usual condiments on it
drink(ing) box : A small
plasticized cardboard carton of juice
Nanaimo bar : An unbaked square iced with chocolate
screech : A potent dark rum of Newfoundland
smoked meat : Cured beef similar to pastrami but more heavily smoked, often associated with Montreal
Слайд 16EDUCATION
bursary : A financial award to a university student (also
Scottish and English)
French immersion : An educational program
in which anglophone students are taught entirely in French
reading week : A week usually halfway through the university term when no classes are held
residence or res : A university dormitory
Слайд 17Other words have different meanings in Canada, the United States
and Britain.
Examples include:
Слайд 19Conclusion
Canadian English is the outcome of a number of factors.
It is strongly marked by British English and because of
the geographical proximity, Canadian English continues to be shaped by American English. The presence of a large French-speaking minority has also had an effect on Canadian English.