Law). Verner’s Law
Periods in the History of English
OE
Heptarchy. OE dialects OE Vocalism
OE Consonant System
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The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology
Содержание
- 1. The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology
- 2. Principal Features of Germanic Languages The First
- 3. Principal Features of Germanic Languages English belongs to:The Indo-European family of languages;The Germanic branch.West Germanic group
- 4. Proto-Indo-European (PIE)Proto-Indo-European (PIE) - some single language,
- 5. Proto-Germanic (PG) Proto-Germanic (PG) - a
- 6. Proto-Germanic (PG) PG is a highly inflected
- 7. 2. The First consonant shift. Grimm’s Law“the
- 8. 2. The First consonant shift. Grimm’s LawIn
- 9. PIE aspirated voiced stops >
- 10. PIE voiceless stops > Gmc voiceless fricatives
- 11. PIE voiced stops > Gmc voiceless stopsb
- 12. Verner’s Law. The Second Consonant Shift (1875)Certain
- 13. Verner’s Law. Karl Verner showed that
- 14. Verner’s Law. PIE f > Gmc vPIE
- 15. 3. Periods in the History of EnglishTraditionally,
- 16. Periods in the History of EnglishOld English
- 17. 4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects The
- 18. 4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects About
- 19. Слайд 19
- 20. 4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialectsBy 700, the
- 21. 4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialectsIn the 7th
- 22. KentNorthumbriaMercia (West Midlands)Wessex (central Southern England)East AngliaEssexSussex
- 23. 4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialectsThe surviving texts
- 24. Слайд 24
- 25. 4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialectsAlthough West Saxon
- 26. 4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialectsThe conversion of
- 27. 5. OE VocalismAll living languages undergo changes. What causes such changes?
- 28. Alterations:Qualitative // quantitative;Dependent // independent
- 29. Anglo-Frisian Brightening (or First Fronting).The Anglo-Frisian
- 30. Restoration of a or RetractionLater in Old
- 31. Restoration of a or RetractionNominative
- 32. OE Breaking or fractureit is diphthongization of
- 33. OE Breaking or fractureGth. kalds – WS
- 34. OE Breaking or fractureFor further references see
- 35. Palatal diphthongizationOE vowels also change under the
- 36. Palatal diphthongizationFor further references see pg. 78-80
- 37. Front mutation or i-umlautIt was a series
- 38. Слайд 38
- 39. Front mutation or i-umlautFront mutation made considerable
- 40. Front mutation or i-umlauti-umlaut led to the
- 41. Front mutation or i-umlautFor further references see
- 42. Velar umlautFor further references see pg. 82
- 43. 6. OE Consonant System For further references
- 44. Скачать презентанцию
Principal Features of Germanic Languages The First consonant shift (Grimm’s Law). Verner’s Law Periods in the History of English OE Heptarchy. OE dialects OE VocalismOE Consonant System
Слайды и текст этой презентации
Слайд 2
Principal Features of Germanic Languages
The First consonant shift (Grimm’s
Law). Verner’s Law
Heptarchy. OE dialectsOE Vocalism
OE Consonant System
Слайд 3Principal Features of Germanic Languages
English belongs to:
The Indo-European family
of languages;
The Germanic branch.
West Germanic group
Слайд 4Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) - some single language, which must have
been spoken thousands of years ago by some comparatively small
body of people in a relatively restricted geographical area
Слайд 5
Proto-Germanic (PG)
Proto-Germanic (PG) - a dialect of Indo-European all Germanic
languages are descended from;
We have no records of the PG
language.We can reconstruct it (Gothic).
Слайд 6Proto-Germanic (PG)
PG is a highly inflected language;
the word stress was
put on the 1st syllable (fixed accent);
PIE verb “bheronom” –
PG beranan – OE beran – ME beren, bere – ME bear 
Слайд 72. The First consonant shift.
Grimm’s Law
“the 1st sound-shifting”;
after the
early 19th c. philologist Jakob Grimm, who analysed it.
Слайд 82. The First consonant shift.
Grimm’s Law
In PIE there was a
rich array of stop consonants;
This system underwent great changes
in PG;It consists of 3 major consonant changes.
Слайд 9
PIE aspirated voiced stops > Gmc voiced stops
Bh > b
Sans. bharami – ModE bear
Dh > d
Sans. rudhiras – ModE red
Gh > g
Gr. chen – Ger Gans
Слайд 10PIE voiceless stops > Gmc voiceless fricatives
P > f
L. pater – ModE father
T >
th L. dentis – ModE tooth
K > h
L. cornu – ModE horn
Слайд 11PIE voiced stops > Gmc voiceless stops
b > p
L. turba – ModE thorp
d > t
L. dens – ModE tooth
g > k
L. ager – ModE acre
Слайд 12Verner’s Law.
The Second Consonant Shift (1875)
Certain apparent exceptions to Grimm’s
Law were subsequently explained by Karl Verner (a Danish scholar)
and others.
Слайд 13
Verner’s Law.
Karl Verner showed that voiceless fricatives became voiced if
the preceding syllable was unstressed, but otherwise remained unchanged.
Latin
centum - English hundred.
Слайд 14Verner’s Law.
PIE f > Gmc v
PIE th > Gmc d
Lat
pater – Gth fadar
PIE k > Gmc g
PIE s >
Gmc z > r in North and West Germanic) = rotacizmGth. raisjan – OE ræran
Слайд 153. Periods in the History of English
Traditionally, the history of
the English language is divided into 3 major periods.
This division
was first proposed by an English philologist, Henry Sweet, in 1873.
Слайд 16Periods in the History of English
Old English (Anglo-Saxon) (5 c.-1066)
= the period of full inflexions;
Middle English (1066 – 1485)
= of levelled inflexions;Modern English (1485 - ...) = of lost inflexions.
Слайд 174. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects
The earliest inhabitants of the
British Isles, were Celtic speakers.
The Celts had been living
in England until being invaded by the Romans in 43 CE. and Latin never overtook the Celtic language.
Слайд 184. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects
About the year 449 AD
began the invasion of Britain by certain Germanic tribes, the
founders of the English nation:Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Frisians
Слайд 204. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects
By 700, the Anglo-Saxons had occupied
most of England and a considerable part of southern Scotland
(but for Cornwall and Wales).The language of Anglo-Saxons became the dominant one.
Слайд 214. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects
In the 7th c. Germanic tribes
set up seven kingdoms called the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy, rule of
the seven kingdoms .
Слайд 22Kent
Northumbria
Mercia (West Midlands)
Wessex (central Southern England)
East Anglia
Essex
Sussex
Слайд 234. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects
The surviving texts form the OE
period are in 4 main dialects:
West saxon! (the literary standard)
Kentish
Mercia
Anglian
Northumbria
Слайд 254. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects
Although West Saxon became the literary
standard of unified England, it is not the direct ancestor
of modern standard English, which is mainly derived from an Anglian dialect
Слайд 264. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects
The conversion of the English to
Christianity began in 597 with St Augustine, and took a
century to complete;With Christianity came writing.
Слайд 29Anglo-Frisian Brightening
(or First Fronting).
The Anglo-Frisian languages underwent a sound
change in their development from Proto-Germanic by which the vowel
ā was fronted to ǣ, unless followed by a nasal consonant (n, m).Cf. OE mann and OE dæġ
Слайд 30Restoration of a or Retraction
Later in Old English, short /æ/
(and in some dialects long /æː/ as well), was backed
to /ɑ/ when there was a back vowel in the following syllable.
Слайд 31Restoration of a or Retraction
Nominative dæġ
dagas
Accusative dæġ dæġ
Genitive
dæġes dagaDative dæġe dagum
For further references see pg. 76 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.)
Слайд 32OE Breaking or fracture
it is diphthongization of short vowels before
certain consonant clusters (before r, l, h + consonant and
before h final).It is vowels a and e that underwent fracture.
Слайд 33OE Breaking or fracture
Gth. kalds – WS ceald
Breaking produced a
new set of vowels in OE = /ea/ and /eo/.
Слайд 34OE Breaking or fracture
For further references see pg. 78-80 //
Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja
Škola, 2003. - 347 p.
Слайд 35Palatal diphthongization
OE vowels also change under the influence of the
initial palatal consonants ʒ [j], c [k’] and cluster sc
[sc’].As a result of palatalization the vowel [e] and [æ] are diphthongized. E.g.:
OE scÆmu > OE sceamu ‘shame’
![Palatal diphthongizationOE vowels also change under the influence of the initial palatal consonants ʒ [j], c [k’]](/img/thumbs/276b759b9cce258337f5bb8ca9991e49-800x.jpg "The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology Palatal diphthongizationOE vowels also change under the influence of the initial")
Слайд 36Palatal diphthongization
For further references see pg. 78-80 // Rastorguyeva T.
A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003.
- 347 p.)
Слайд 37Front mutation or i-umlaut
It was a series of changes to
vowels which took place when there was an i, ī
or j in the following syllable.Subsequently, the i, ī or j disappeared, or changed to e.
Слайд 39Front mutation or i-umlaut
Front mutation made considerable changes in the
pronunciation of English.
Examples of i-umlaut in Mod English: food
and feed, goose and geese, tooth and teeth, blood and bleed, man and men.
Слайд 40Front mutation or i-umlaut
i-umlaut led to the appearance of new
vowels:
[y] and [y:] arose from palatal mutation;
Diphthongs [ie] and [ie:]
![Front mutation or i-umlauti-umlaut led to the appearance of new vowels:[y] and [y:] arose from palatal mutation;Diphthongs](/img/thumbs/1a6733b4b412eff7da93d62acf1c4d91-800x.jpg "The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology Front mutation or i-umlauti-umlaut led to the appearance of new vowels:[y]")
Слайд 41Front mutation or i-umlaut
For further references see pg. 80-82 //
Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja
Škola, 2003. - 347 p.)
Слайд 42Velar umlaut
For further references see pg. 82 // Rastorguyeva T.
A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003.
- 347 p.
Слайд 436. OE Consonant System
For further references see pg. 85-90 //
Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja
Škola, 2003. - 347 p.
