Theories of the Syllable

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1. Theories of the Syllable
2. Expiratory TheoryIt is the oldest theory.Each syllable
3. Method of InvestigationIt is easy to prove
4. Nevertheless, the theory is criticized by a
5. Sonority TheorySonority – an acoustic property of
6. A syllable contains one "peak" of sonority
7. The theory fails to explain the mechanism
8. Theory of Muscular TensionSounds in connected speech
9. Loudness TheoryShcherba's definition is modified:The syllable is
10. All four theories consider the syllable as
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Expiratory TheoryIt is the oldest theory.Each syllable corresponds to a single expiration.A word contains as many syllables as there are such expirations made during its utterance.Each vowel sound is pronounced with

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Слайд 1Theories of the Syllable

Слайд 2Expiratory Theory
It is the oldest theory.
Each syllable corresponds to a

single expiration.
A word contains as many syllables as there are

such expirations made during its utterance.
Each vowel sound is pronounced with a fresh expiration.
The syllabic boundary is at the point where a fresh expiratory pulse begins.

Other names:
chest-pulse theory
pressure theory
by R.H. Stetson

Expiratory TheoryIt is the oldest theory.Each syllable corresponds to a single expiration.A word contains as many syllables

Слайд 3Method of Investigation
It is easy to prove this theory with

the help of the flame of a candle.

Method of InvestigationIt is easy to prove this theory with the help of the flame of a

Слайд 4Nevertheless, the theory is criticized by a number of scientists

(e.g. G.P. Torsuyev, A.C. Gimson).
[`si:ɪŋ] – linguistically can be divided

into two units, while there is only one chest-pulse.
[stɑ:] – there are two expiratory pulses: the first is on the [s] and the second is on the [tɑ:] (which occurs due to the occlusion needed to articulate [t]), but the word is still monosyllabic.

Nevertheless, the theory is criticized by a number of scientists (e.g. G.P. Torsuyev, A.C. Gimson).[`si:ɪŋ] – linguistically

Слайд 5Sonority Theory
Sonority – an acoustic property of speech sounds which

determines this or that degree of their perceptibility.

= prominence theory
by

Otto Jespersen,
R.I. Avanesov

SONORITY

VOWELS

SEMI-VOWELS

FRICTIONLESS CONTINUANTS

VOICED FRICATIVES

VOICED STOPS

VOICELESS FRICAITVES

VOICED STOPS

[i:], [e], [ɑ:]

[w], [j]

[l], [r], [ŋ]

[v], [z], [ʒ]

[b], [d], [g]

[f], [s], [ʃ]

[p], [t], [k]

Sonority TheorySonority – an acoustic property of speech sounds which determines this or that degree of their

Слайд 6A syllable contains one "peak" of sonority separated from other

peaks by "valleys" of lower sonority.
[`sæd.n] – [æ] and [n]

are the peaks separated by [d], which is less sonorous.
[sænd] – there is only one peak ([æ]) and, hence, one syllable.

Слайд 7The theory fails to explain the mechanism of the syllable

formation and syllable division.
[`eks-trǝ] or [`ek-strǝ] ?
[ǝ neim] or

[ǝn eim] ?
The sonority theory can only explain why this sequence consists of two syllables, but it cannot explain by what means and at what points it is divided into syllables in two different ways.

The theory fails to explain the mechanism of the syllable formation and syllable division.[`eks-trǝ] or [`ek-strǝ] ?

Слайд 8Theory of Muscular Tension
Sounds in connected speech are pronounced with

alternative intensification and slackening of muscular tension.
Each peak of

intensification with the following slackening of tension forms a syllable.
Sounds that are pronounced with intensification of muscular tension are termed pitch sounds.
The syllable is an arc of articulatory tension.
The pitch sound is the centre of the syllable and of the arc of tension (vowel or sonorant).

by L.V. Shcherba,
A.V. Vasilyev

Theory of Muscular TensionSounds in connected speech are pronounced with alternative intensification and slackening of muscular tension.

Слайд 9Loudness Theory
Shcherba's definition is modified:
The syllable is an arc of

articulatory effort.
The arc of loudness of perception level is formed

due to variations of the volume of the pharyngeal passage which is modified by contractions of its walls.
The narrowing of the passage and the increase in muscular tension reinforce the actual loudness of a vowel, forming the peak of the syllable.

by N.I. Zhinkin

Loudness TheoryShcherba's definition is modified:The syllable is an arc of articulatory effort.The arc of loudness of perception

Слайд 10All four theories consider the syllable as a kind of

an arc.

In case of expiratory theory, the peak of this

arc is an expiration.

In case of sonority theory, the peak is the most sonorous sound.

In case of tension theory, the peak is a pitch sound.

In case of loudness theory, the peak is the loudest sound.

Conclusion