General Characteristics of Old English Grammar

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1. General Characteristics of Old English Grammar
2. Parts of speech There were the
3. the verbthe adverbthe prepositionthe conjunctionthe interjection
4. Grammatical categories There were 5 nominal
5. Verbal grammatical categories were not many: Tense and mood -- verbal categories propernumberperson
6. The OE Noun OE noun has
7. Gender Abstract nouns with suffix –þu
8. Gender Nouns with suffix –ere were
9. OE wif (wife) was of
10. The category of number The category of
11. The category of case The
12. System of Declension OE system
13. The stem-suffixes could consist of: vowels (a-stems i-stems) consonants (n-stems) sound sequences (-ja-stems, -nd-stems)
14. Root-stemsSome groups of nouns had no stem-forming suffix. They were called root-stems.
15. The examples of declensional paradigms
16. The traces of a-stem declension The
17. 2. –s (plural of nouns) goes
18. The OE Pronoun There were the
19. The grammatic categories were either
20. The Personal Pronouns The personal
21. Слайд 21
22. The third-person personal pronouns had three genders, four cases, singular and plural.
23. Reflexive pronouns The oblique cases of
24. Demonstrative Pronouns There were
25. Слайд 25
26. Interrogative Pronouns hwā (who)
27. Interrogative pronounsSuch interrogative pronouns as hwelc, hwæþer (which) were used as adjective pronouns
28. Indefinite pronouns Indefinite pronouns were many.ān
29. The OE Adjective OE adjectives
30. The category of case The category
31. Declension OE adjectives declined in two
32. Some endings in the strong
33. The weak declension used the
34. Most adjectives could be declined
35. The adjective had a strong
36. The weak form was employed
37. Слайд 37
38. But some adjectives were always
39. Weak declension had adjectives in the superlative and comparative degrees and the adjective ilca (same)
40. Indefiniteness There existed also semantic difference
41. Definiteness The weak forms had the
42. Degrees of Comparison OE adjectives had
43. Suffixes -ra and -est/-ost were
44. Sometimes suffixation was accompanied by
45. There were suppletive forms:Zod – bettra –
46. The OE Adverb OE adverbs were formed
47. 2) with the help of suffix –lice
48. 3) by adding suffix –es to the
49. Degrees of comparison Adverbs formed
50. The OE Verb The OE verbs were divided into two major groups: weak strong
51. The weak verbs were a
52. The number of strong verbs inherited
53. The Category of Tense All
54. The Future Tense may be expressed by
55. The Category of Mood the indicative mood the imperative mood the subjunctive mood
56. the Subjunctive Mood The usage of
57. Subjunctive was used not only
58. The Category of Person The Category of
59. The predicate agreed with the subject in number and person.
60. The Category of Voice
61. These verbs were mostly anomalous
62. The form hatte (Past, Singular), of infinitive hattan (call) had the passive meaning.
63. Passive meaning was usually expressed by the
64. þa bōc þe is enemned on
65. During the OE period such construction gradually turned into analytical Passive Voice forms
66. The Strong Verbs
67. I. ī
68. IV. ea > x
69. Class seven shows different patterns
70. The Weak Verbs
71. Weak verbsThree classes:Class 1deman demede demed cepan cepte ceptedfremman fremede fremed
72. Class 2 endian endode endodmacian macode macodlufian lufode lufod
73. Class 3 habban hxfde hxfdlibban lifde lifd
74. The weak verbs are subdivided into
75. Class I Infinitive –an (seldom –ian)Past forms –de/-ede/-tParticiple II –d/-ed/-t
76. Subdivision:double consonants in the infinitive:temman – temede
77. Class II: Infinitive – ianPast – odeParticiple II – od
78. Class III: Infinitive – anNo vowel before dental suffixPast – deParticiple II –d
79. Preterite – Present Verbs (past -
80. 7. witan (to know)8. þurfan (потребувати)9. Ze-nah (досить)10. duZan (годитися)11. munan (пам’ятати)12. unnan (ставитися прихильно)
81. Originally they belonged to the
82. But in the course of
83. They showed attitude to an action
84. Anomalous Verbs There are
85. Willan meant to wish, to
86. Eventually willan became a modal verb.
87. Some verbs combined the features
88. Two OE verbs were suppletive: they
89. Wesan The Past tense was built from the root wesWesan – wxs – wxron - weren
90. Old English Verbals (Non-finite Forms of
91. The Infinitive It had
92. drifan (to drive) --- Nominativetō drifanne --- Dative
93. The form tō drifanne indicated
94. Uninflected Infinitive was used in
95. The Participle had both verbal and nominal characteristics.
96. Participle I was opposed to Participle
97. Participle II has passive meaning
98. Participle I Participle I is formed
99. Participle II Participle II has its
100. From weak verbs Part. II had -d/-t.
101. Usage of the Participle Participles were
102. Ic nāt hwænne mine daZas
103. Скачать презентанцию

Parts of speech There were the following parts of speech in OE: the nounthe adjectivethe pronoun nominal parts of speechthe numeral

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General Characteristics of Old English Grammar

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Слайд 1 General Characteristics of Old English Grammar
OE was a

synthetic (inflected) language. The relations between words and expression of

other grammatical meanings were shown with the help of simple (synthetic) grammatical forms. Grammatical endings, or inflections, were the main form-building means.

General Characteristics of Old English Grammar OE was a synthetic (inflected) language. The relations

Слайд 2Parts of speech
There were the following parts of

speech in OE:
the noun
the adjective
the pronoun nominal

parts of speech
the numeral

Parts of speech There were the following parts of speech in OE: the nounthe adjectivethe pronoun

Слайд 3
the verb
the adverb
the preposition
the conjunction
the interjection

Слайд 4Grammatical categories
There were 5 nominal grammatical categories:
number

case
gender
degrees of comparison
categories of definiteness/indefiniteness

Grammatical categories There were 5 nominal grammatical categories: number case gender degrees of comparison categories of

Слайд 5 Verbal grammatical categories were not many:

Tense and

mood -- verbal categories proper
number
person

Слайд 6The OE Noun
OE noun has two grammatical categories:

number and case.
Nouns also distinguished three forms

of gender: masculine, feminine and neuter.

The OE Noun OE noun has two grammatical categories: number and case. Nouns also distinguished

Слайд 7Gender
Abstract nouns with suffix –þu were feminine:

e.g. OE lenZþu (length)

hyhþu (height)

Gender Abstract nouns with suffix –þu were feminine: e.g. OE

Слайд 8Gender
Nouns with suffix –ere were masculine:

OE fiscere (fisher)
bocere (learned

man)

Gender Nouns with suffix –ere were masculine: OE fiscere (fisher)

Слайд 9 OE wif (wife) was of neuter gender

mxgden (maiden) was of neuter gender

OE wifman (woman) – masculine gender

OE wif (wife) was of neuter gender mxgden (maiden) was of neuter

Слайд 10The category of number
The category of number consisted of

two members: singular and plural.

singular, masculine sunu, plural –

suna
singular, feminine hand, plural – handa

The category of number The category of number consisted of two members: singular and plural.singular, masculine

Слайд 11The category of case

The category of case

had 4 members: Nominative, Genitive, Dative and Accusative.

The category of case The category of case had 4 members: Nominative, Genitive, Dative and

Слайд 12System of Declension
OE system of declension was based

on a number of distinctions:
the stem – suffix
the gender of

nouns
the phonetic structure of the word
phonetic changes in the final syllables

System of Declension OE system of declension was based on a number of distinctions:the stem

Слайд 13 The stem-suffixes could consist of:
vowels (a-stems i-stems)

consonants (n-stems)
sound sequences (-ja-stems, -nd-stems)

Слайд 14Root-stems

Some groups of nouns had no stem-forming suffix. They were

called root-stems.

Слайд 15 The examples of declensional paradigms

Слайд 16The traces of a-stem declension
The traces of a-stem

declension in Modern English:

’s (possessive case) goes back to the

genitive case singular of masculine and neuter gender;

The traces of a-stem declension The traces of a-stem declension in Modern English:’s (possessive case) goes

Слайд 172. –s (plural of nouns) goes back to nominative

and accusative case plural of masculine gender nouns;
3. Uninflected

forms of plural in Modern E (like “sheep”, “deer”) come from the nouns of neuter gender of the long syllabus type.

2. –s (plural of nouns) goes back to nominative and accusative case plural of masculine gender

Слайд 18The OE Pronoun
There were the following classes of

pronouns in OE:
personal
demonstrative
interrogative

indefinite.

The OE Pronoun There were the following classes of pronouns in OE: personal

Слайд 19 The grammatic categories were either similar to the

categories of the nouns (in pronouns-nouns) or to the adjectives

(adjective pronouns)
Relative, possessive and reflexive were not yet fully developed in OE.

The grammatic categories were either similar to the categories of the nouns (in pronouns-nouns) or

Слайд 20The Personal Pronouns
The personal pronouns had three persons,

three numbers, three genders in the third person.
The

first and the second-person personal pronouns declined through the four case system in singular and plural.

The Personal Pronouns The personal pronouns had three persons, three numbers, three genders in the

Слайд 21

Слайд 22 The third-person personal pronouns had three genders, four

cases, singular and plural.

Слайд 23Reflexive pronouns

The oblique cases of personal pronouns +

adjective –self could serve as reflexive pronouns.

Слайд 24 Demonstrative Pronouns
There were the following demonstrative pronouns:

se (masculine) -- той
þxt (neuter)

-- тe
seo (feminine) -- тa
Plural þa-- ті

Demonstrative Pronouns There were the following demonstrative pronouns: se (masculine) -- той

Слайд 25

Слайд 26 Interrogative Pronouns
hwā (who) for masculine and feminine

hwæt (what) for neuter
They had four-case paradigm. The

instrumental case of hwæt was used as a separate interrogative word hwy (why). Such interrogative pronouns as hwelc, hwæþer (which) were used as adjective pronouns.

Interrogative Pronouns hwā (who) for masculine and feminine hwæt (what) for neuter

Слайд 27Interrogative pronouns

Such interrogative pronouns as hwelc, hwæþer (which) were used

as adjective pronouns

Слайд 28 Indefinite pronouns
Indefinite pronouns were many.
ān and its derivative æniZ (one,

any)
nān (none)
nānþinZ (nothing)
nawiht / nowiht / nōht (not)
hwæt – hwuZu

(something)

Indefinite pronouns Indefinite pronouns were many.ān and its derivative æniZ (one, any)nān (none)nānþinZ (nothing)nawiht / nowiht

Слайд 29The OE Adjective

OE adjectives had the

categories of numbers, gender and case, degrees of comparison and

definiteness/indefiniteness

The OE Adjective OE adjectives had the categories of numbers, gender and case, degrees of

Слайд 30The category of case
The category of case in

adjectives differed from that of nouns. They had one more

case – Instrumental. It was used when the adjective was an attribute to a noun in the Dative case expressing an instrumental meaning:
lytle werede – with (the help of) a small troop

The category of case The category of case in adjectives differed from that of nouns. They

Слайд 31Declension
OE adjectives declined in two ways: according to

the weak and according to the strong declension. The endings

of strong declension coincided with the endings of a-stems of nouns for adjectives in masculine and neuter and of o-stems in the feminine.

Declension OE adjectives declined in two ways: according to the weak and according to the strong

Слайд 32 Some endings in the strong declension of adjectives

have no parallels in the noun paradigm; they are similar

to the endings of pronouns. The strong declension is called sometimes pronominal.

Some endings in the strong declension of adjectives have no parallels in the noun paradigm;

Слайд 33 The weak declension used the same ending as

n-stem nouns except in the Gen. Case, plural it was

-ra (but not -ena)

The weak declension used the same ending as n-stem nouns except in the Gen. Case,

Слайд 34 Most adjectives could be declined in both ways:

strong and weak. It was determined by:
the syntactical function of

the adjective
the degrees of comparison
the presence of noun determiners

Most adjectives could be declined in both ways: strong and weak. It was determined by:the

Слайд 35 The adjective had a strong form when used

predicatively and when used attributively without any determiners:
Þa menn sindon

Zode – the men are good
mid hnescre beddinZe – with soft bedding

The adjective had a strong form when used predicatively and when used attributively without any

Слайд 36 The weak form was employed when the adjective

was preceded by a demonstrative pronoun or the Genitive case

of personal pronouns.

The weak form was employed when the adjective was preceded by a demonstrative pronoun or

Слайд 37

Слайд 38 But some adjectives were always declined strong:

eall (all)
maniZ (many)
oþer (other)

But some adjectives were always declined strong: eall (all) maniZ (many) oþer

Слайд 39 Weak declension had adjectives in the superlative and comparative

degrees and the adjective ilca (same)

Слайд 40Indefiniteness
There existed also semantic difference between strong and

weak forms of declension. The strong forms were associated with

the meaning of indefiniteness – corresponded to the meaning of a/an.

Indefiniteness There existed also semantic difference between strong and weak forms of declension. The strong forms

Слайд 41Definiteness
The weak forms had the meaning of definiteness

(“the”). Weak forms were regularly used together with demonstrative pronouns.

This opposition of weak and strong forms gave the ground for A. Smirnitsky to single out the category of definiteness/ indefiniteness.

Definiteness The weak forms had the meaning of definiteness (“the”). Weak forms were regularly used together

Слайд 42Degrees of Comparison
OE adjectives had three degrees of

comparison:
positive
comparative
superlative

Слайд 43 Suffixes -ra and -est/-ost were used to form

the comparative and the superlative degrees.
soft – softra

– softest (soft)
weriZ – weriZra – weriZost (weary)

Suffixes -ra and -est/-ost were used to form the comparative and the superlative degrees.

Слайд 44 Sometimes suffixation was accompanied by the interchange of

the root + vowel:
Zlxd – Zlxdra – Zladost

(glad)
lonZ – lenZra – lenZest (long)

Sometimes suffixation was accompanied by the interchange of the root + vowel: Zlxd –

Слайд 45There were suppletive forms:
Zod – bettra – bet(e)st (good)
lytel –

lxssa – lxst (little)
micel – mara – mxst (much)
yfel –

wiersa – wierest (evil)

There were suppletive forms:Zod – bettra – bet(e)st (good)lytel – lxssa – lxst (little)micel – mara –

Слайд 46The OE Adverb
OE adverbs were formed in the following

ways:
1) by adding suffix -e to the adjectives

Adj+e
wīd (широкий) – wīde (широко)
sweotul (ясний) – sweotule (яснo)
heard (твердий) – hearde (твердo)

The OE Adverb OE adverbs were formed in the following ways:1) by adding suffix -e to the

Слайд 472) with the help of suffix –lice
(Modern

–ly) which was added to the nouns

N+lice
frēond (друг) – frēondlice (дружньо)

Слайд 483) by adding suffix –es to the nouns. (Historically it

is the ending of the Genitive Case of the masculine

gender a-stem nouns)
N+es
dæZ – dæZes (вдень)
nyd (необхідність) – nydes (за необхідністю)
willa (воля) – willes (охотно)

3) by adding suffix –es to the nouns. (Historically it is the ending of the Genitive Case

Слайд 49 Degrees of comparison
Adverbs formed from the adjectives

had the degrees of comparison. The degrees-forming suffixes were: -or

(for comparative) and –ost (for superlative)

Degrees of comparison Adverbs formed from the adjectives had the degrees of comparison. The degrees-forming

Слайд 50The OE Verb

The OE verbs were

divided into two major groups:
weak
strong

Слайд 51 The weak verbs were a feature of Germanic

and were formed by adding an inflectional ending that included

a dental or alveolar consonant. The strong verbs were formed by changing the stem vowel.

The weak verbs were a feature of Germanic and were formed by adding an inflectional

Слайд 52 The number of strong verbs inherited from Germanic probably

amounted to 300-400 and their number was constantly decreasing.

The number of strong verbs inherited from Germanic probably amounted to 300-400 and their number was

Слайд 53The Category of Tense
All verbs had two tenses:

present and preterite.
Other tenses were expressed through adverbs or

were understood from the context.

The Category of Tense All verbs had two tenses: present and preterite. Other tenses were

Слайд 54The Future Tense may be expressed by the verbs willan/scullan

+ infinitive.
E.g. Wille ic asecZan.

Слайд 55 The Category of Mood
the indicative mood

the imperative mood

the subjunctive mood

Слайд 56the Subjunctive Mood
The usage of the Subjunctive Mood

was different from its usage in later periods. The subjunctive

forms denoted unreal acts or supposition but in a very general way.

the Subjunctive Mood The usage of the Subjunctive Mood was different from its usage in later

Слайд 57 Subjunctive was used not only in the conditional

sentences, but in the clauses of time, clauses of result

and in reported speech. In indirect speech indicative mood forms could occur side by side with subjunctive.

Subjunctive was used not only in the conditional sentences, but in the clauses of time,

Слайд 58The Category of Person
The Category of Person consisted of

three forms: the first, the second and the third person

(singular and plural)

Слайд 59 The predicate agreed with the subject in number and

person.

Слайд 60 The Category of Voice
There was no passive. The

verbs that were to become auxiliary verbs were mostly notional

verbs in the earliest period, but traces of their development towards auxiliaries may be found, particularly in texts translated from or based on Latin.

The Category of Voice There was no passive. The verbs that were to become

Слайд 61 These verbs were mostly anomalous in structure because,

as so-called preterite-present verbs, they had formed new present tense

forms from old preterits and had formed new preterits. They did not have the forms that were found in other verbs.

These verbs were mostly anomalous in structure because, as so-called preterite-present verbs, they had formed

Слайд 62
The form hatte (Past, Singular), of infinitive hattan

(call) had the passive meaning.

Слайд 63Passive meaning was usually expressed by the words
bēon, wesan

(to be),
weorþan (become) and the Past Participle.

Passive meaning was usually expressed by the words bēon, wesan (to be), weorþan (become) and the Past

Слайд 64 þa bōc þe is enemned on læden

Pastoralis – the book which is called in

Latin “Pastoralis”

þet hūs wearð þa forbunden –
That house was (got) then burned down.

þa bōc þe is enemned on læden Pastoralis – the book which is

Слайд 65
During the OE period such construction gradually turned into analytical

Passive Voice forms

Слайд 66 The Strong Verbs
The strong verbs fall into

seven classes. They had such forms:
the infinitive
preterite singular

(third person)
preterite plural
past participle

The Strong Verbs The strong verbs fall into seven classes. They had such

Слайд 67I. ī

ā i

i
writan wrat writon written
II. ēō/ū ēā u o
beodan bead budon boden
III. e ea u o
helpan heapl hulpon holpen

Слайд 68IV. ea > x

e x

x o
beran bxr bxron boren
V. e x x e
tredan trxd trxdon treden
VI. a ō ō a
faran fōr fōron faren

Слайд 69 Class seven shows different patterns because it originally

consisted of reduplicating verbs. The vowel or diphthong of the

infinitive was repeated in the participle and both forms of the preterite had either e or ēō.
hātan hēt hēton hāten (to be called)

Class seven shows different patterns because it originally consisted of reduplicating verbs. The vowel or

Слайд 70 The Weak Verbs
There are three categories of

weak verbs. Since the weak verbs form their preterite by

adding an inflection which contains d or t in OE, there is no need to distinguish the preterite singular from its plural, because they differ only in the ending indicating number.