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HOW TO WRITE AN ABSTRACT презентация, доклад

IN THIS LESSONWHAT IS AN ABSTRACTWHO WRITES ITFOR WHAT PURPOSESWHO READS ITDIFFERENT TYPES OF ABSTRACTWHAT TO INCLUDEWHAT NOT TO INCLUDESOME EXAMPLES

Слайды и текст этой презентации

Слайд 1HOW TO WRITE AN ABSTRACT

HOW TO WRITE AN ABSTRACT

Слайд 2IN THIS LESSON
WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT
WHO WRITES IT
FOR WHAT PURPOSES
WHO

READS IT
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ABSTRACT
WHAT TO INCLUDE
WHAT NOT TO INCLUDE
SOME

EXAMPLES
IN THIS LESSONWHAT IS AN ABSTRACTWHO WRITES ITFOR WHAT PURPOSESWHO READS ITDIFFERENT TYPES OF ABSTRACTWHAT TO INCLUDEWHAT

Слайд 3WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT?
A short, self-contained, powerful summary of an

article, paper or thesis;
Length: between 150 and 250 words;
Layout: usually

one single paragraph; font size is different from the main text;
Position: usually at the beginning of the paper (but it can appear elsewhere, e.g. in book of abstracts or on-line);
WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT?A short, self-contained, powerful summary of an article, paper or thesis;Length: between 150 and

Слайд 4WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT? (continued)
An abstract is an original document,

not a collection of quotations taken from the text it

summarizes, i.e. it must be able to stand alone.
It does not contain vague statements which force the reader to refer to the main text.

WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT? (continued)An abstract is an original document, not a collection of quotations taken from

Слайд 5WHO WRITES IT?
Usually the author of the paper, because they

have a first hand knowledge their piece of research;
Sometimes professional

writers, who abstract books and articles for a wide audience.
WHO WRITES IT?Usually the author of the paper, because they have a first hand knowledge their piece

Слайд 6FOR WHAT PURPOSES?
To persuade the reader to see the full

text
To help readers decide if the article is relevant for

their purposes
To answer a call of paper in a conference
To make it possible for your piece of research to appear in on-line publication databases (indexing)
FOR WHAT PURPOSES?To persuade the reader to see the full textTo help readers decide if the article

Слайд 7WHO READS IT?
Same-field professionals (e.g. linguists, psychologists, biologists) looking for

further information;
Teachers having to evaluate future specialists’ achievements;
Students charting research

in a given area.
WHO READS IT?Same-field professionals (e.g. linguists, psychologists, biologists) looking for further information;Teachers having to evaluate future specialists’

Слайд 8DIFFERENT TYPES OF ABSTRACT
Abstracts are genre-sensitive (i.e. components vary according

to discipline)
an abstract of a social science or scientific work

may contain the scope, purpose, results, and contents of the work.
an abstract of a humanities work may contain the thesis, background, and conclusion of the larger work. An abstract is not a review, nor does it evaluate the work being abstracted.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ABSTRACTAbstracts are genre-sensitive (i.e. components vary according to discipline)an abstract of a social science

Слайд 9DIFFERENT TYPES OF ABSTRACT (continued)
Abstracts are usually divided into two

main categories:
DESCRIPTIVE AND INFORMATIVE
Descriptive abstracts describe:
What the text

is about
The issues or problems explored
The purpose and methodology of the research
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ABSTRACT (continued)Abstracts are usually divided into two main categories:DESCRIPTIVE  AND  INFORMATIVEDescriptive abstracts

Слайд 10DIFFERENT TYPES OF ABSTRACT (continued)
Informative abstracts describe:
What the text is

about
The issues or problems explored
The purpose and methodology of the

research
The results
The conclusion and recommendations

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ABSTRACT (continued)Informative abstracts describe:What the text is aboutThe issues or problems exploredThe purpose and

Слайд 11DIFFERENT TYPES OF ABSTRACT (continued)
Descriptive abstracts are often written before

a project is completed;
Emphasis is placed on the problem and

method;
They may be required for conference paper proposals or for progress reports;
Informative abstracts are written after a project has been completed;
Emphasis is placed on the results and conclusion of the project.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ABSTRACT (continued)Descriptive abstracts are often written before a project is completed;Emphasis is placed on

Слайд 12DIFFERENT TYPES OF ABSTRACT (continued)
The format of your abstract will

depend on the work being abstracted;
An abstract of a scientific

research paper will contain elements not found in an abstract of a literature article, and vice versa;
However, all abstracts share several mandatory components.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ABSTRACT (continued)The format of your abstract will depend on the work being abstracted;An abstract

Слайд 13WHAT TO INCLUDE
Reason for writing: What is the importance of the

research? Why would a reader be interested in the larger

work?
Problem: What problem does this work attempt to solve? What is the scope of the project? What is the main argument/thesis/claim?

WHAT TO INCLUDEReason for writing: What is the importance of the research? Why would a reader be

Слайд 14WHAT TO INCLUDE (continued)
Methodology: An abstract of a scientific work may

include specific models or approaches used in the larger study.

Other abstracts may describe the types of evidence used in the research (e.g. qualitative interviews, book reviews, etc.)
WHAT TO INCLUDE (continued)Methodology: An abstract of a scientific work may include specific models or approaches used

Слайд 15WHAT TO INCLUDE (continued)
Results: Again, an abstract of a scientific work

may include specific data that indicates the results of the

project. Other abstracts may discuss the findings in a more general way.
Implications: What changes should be implemented as a result of the findings of the work? How does this work add to the body of knowledge on the topic?
WHAT TO INCLUDE (continued)Results: Again, an abstract of a scientific work may include specific data that indicates

Слайд 16WHAT TO INCLUDE (continued)
To put it simple:
What the author did;
How

the author did it;
What the author found;
What the author concluded.

WHAT TO INCLUDE (continued)To put it simple:What the author did;How the author did it;What the author found;What

Слайд 17WHAT NOT TO INCLUDE
Information not contained in the original work;
References

to other work;
Quotations from the original work or from other

works;
Lengthy explanations of words and concepts;
Unexplained acronyms or abbreviations;
Tables and maps.
WHAT NOT TO INCLUDEInformation not contained in the original work;References to other work;Quotations from the original work

Слайд 18ANALYSIS OF AN INFORMATIVE ABSTRACT
This paper sets out to examine

two findings reported in literature: one, that during the one-word

stage a child’s word productions are highly phonetically variable, and two, that the one-word stage is qualitatively distinct from subsequent phonological development.
1. Introducing purpose of paper – this part of the abstract gives a precise indication of the author’s intention or thesis.
ANALYSIS OF AN INFORMATIVE ABSTRACTThis paper sets out to examine two findings reported in literature: one, that

Слайд 19ANALYSIS (continued)
The complete set of word forms produced by a

child at the one-word stage were collected and analysed both

cross-sectionally (month by month) and longitudinally (looking for changes over time).
2. Describing methodology – in this part of the abstract the author gives information on data, procedures or methods used
ANALYSIS (continued)The complete set of word forms produced by a child at the one-word stage were collected

Слайд 20ANALYSIS (continued)
It was found that the data showed very little

variability, and that phonological development during the period studied was

qualitatively continuous with subsequent development.
3. Summarizing results – in this part of the abstract the author mentions his observations , and findings. He can also suggest solutions if any.
ANALYSIS (continued)It was found that the data showed very little variability, and that phonological development during the

Слайд 21ANALYSIS (continued)
It is suggested that the phonologically principled development of

this child’s first words related to his late onset of

speech. (French, 1989.69-90.)
4. Presenting conclusions –in this part of the abstract the author interprets results and includes implications and/or applications of the present findings.
ANALYSIS (continued)It is suggested that the phonologically principled development of this child’s first words related to his

Слайд 22
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