Слайд 1HYGIENE OF WORK
Hygiene of work – it is part
of hygiene, investigating influence of work process, professional harmful factors
on organism of working and prevention professional (occupational) diseases
Слайд 2MAIN DIVISIONS OF HYGIENE OF WORK
- Physiology of work,
prevention fatigue (exhaustion).
- Hygiene of work with harmful physical professional
factors - (noise, vibration, electromagnetic fields)
- Radiation hygiene
- Hygiene of work with industrial poisons - industrial toxicology
- Hygiene of work in agriculture with agro-chemicals - agricultural toxicology
- Hygiene of work in conditions of dust pollution of air -prevention professional dust pathology (phneumoconiosis)
There is also division on industries (chemical, mining, metallurgical, building etc.) and in agriculture.
Слайд 3PROFESSIONAL HARMFUL FACTORS AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES. PREVENTION PROFESSIONAL PATHOLOGY.
Professional
harmful factors (PHF) – it is the factors influencing on
working people and capable to cause violations of health - occupational diseases.
Occupational diseases – it is such diseases, for which it is proved role of professional harmful factors.
Doctors, learning and treating occupational diseases, named professional pathologists.
Слайд 4Classification PHF.
The Dangerous professional factor - can
cause sharp violation of health (acute occupational disease) or death
of the person
The Harmful professional factor - can cause chronic violation of health - chronic occupational disease
Слайд 5Classification PHF in State Standart:
1. Psycho-physiologic and physical
factors of the organization of work, the lacks of workplace
and the equipment
2. Physical professional factors
3. Chemical professional factors (industrial poisons)
4. Biological professional factors (microbes, allergens)
5. Industrial traumatism (mechanical, thermal, electric trauma).
Слайд 6MAIN RULES OF DIAGNOSTIC PROFESSIONAL PATHOLOGY
ACUTE PROFESSIONAL DISEASE
1. Diagnosis
must put any doctor of any medical establishment
2. Doctor must write
Emergency notice about acute professional disease (poisoning) and send to department of hygiene of work of SES
3. Doctors of SES after receiving this notice during 24 hours must go to enterprise to investigate conditions of work (presence harmful factor at a level, more, than MPC)
Слайд 7CHRONIC PROFESSIONAL DISEASE
1. Diagnosis can put only doctor of
the special department of professional pathology (in Kiev, Charcov)
2. List
of such patients this department send to the local SES
3. Doctors of SES during 7 days must go to enterprise to investigate conditions of work (presence harmful factor at a level, more, than MPC)
Final diagnosis of chronic professional disease can be put only after conclusion of SES.
Слайд 8Purpose, kinds and the organization physical examinations working.
Preliminary physical
examinations - for again acting for work with harmful and
dangerous working conditions with the purpose:
а) To admit to work only those which state of health completely meets the requirements of a given trade,
b) To not admit to work the persons having deviations in health which can amplify under influence of working conditions, and also those who can be a source of infectious or parasitic illnesses.
Слайд 9Periodic physical examinations - regular medical inspection working in harmful
or dangerous conditions. Periodicity of them is determined by the
order № 45.
Tasks of these physical examinations:
а) To reveal early attributes of occupational diseases
b) To reveal the general diseases interfering the further work
c) To appoint individual treatment and prophylactic actions.
Слайд 11CLASSIFICATION SOURSES OF RADIATION
- CLOSED source – from it
in environment goes only ionization radiation (example - x-ray tube);
-
OPEN source - in environment can go both radiation, and radioactive particles (example - radioactive isotopes).
Слайд 12 Closed sources of ionising radiation
Слайд 13KINDS OF IONIZATION RADIATION:
1. Corpuscular radiation:
- Alpha radiation -
a stream of alpha particles (nucleus of helium) - goes
basically from natural isotopes.
Betta radiation - a stream of betta-particles (electrons or positrons).
Neutron radiation - a stream of neutrons.
2. Electromagnetic radiation:
X-ray and gamma - radiation.
Protection - materials with high density - lead, concrete.
Слайд 14 corpuscular radiations - alpha particles, beta particles (electrons and
protons), neutrons
Слайд 15Units of a radio-activity
1. Unit of radio-activity of isotope:
Bekkerel (SI)
- activity of substance with 1 nuclear disintegration on 1
sec.
2. Unit of equivalent doze.
Zivert (Zv) - biological effect of the absorbed doze in 1 Grey.
BER - the biological effect of the absorbed doze 1 Rad. 1 Zv = 100 BER.
Слайд 16The major biological reactions of organism to action of radiation
All
consequences of action of radiation conditionally can be divided on
SOMATIC effects and REMOVAL effects.
Somatic - effects at the irradiated organism – beam (radiation) illness
Removal – appear after long time or at future generations - cancerogenic, mutagenic action, hereditary effects.
Слайд 17All radiating effects divide on:
STOCHASTIC (probable, unlimited) effects –
there is no limit of harmful action –
cancerogenic, mutagenic
action, hereditary effects.
These effects can be shown at action of small dozes (when it is not exceed 100 BER during life).
NOT STOCHASTIC (limited) effects - damage depends on a doze and it is possible to establish a limit of harmful action.
Слайд 18Not stochastic effects of radiation:
1. Acute radiation illness -
at dozes of radiation at once is more than 100
BER .
Dozes 500-600 BER at a unitary radiation - are absolutely fatal.
2. Chronic radiation illness - at a long action of radiation in a doze less than 100 BER.
3. BEAM BURNS - at doze of radiation at once up to 500 BER.
4. Beam cataract - at a doze of radiation more than 30 BER per one year.
Слайд 19GROUPS OF CRITICAL BODIES. LAW BERGANIE.
Law of French scientist
Berganie –
Radio-sensitivity of tissues is directly proportional to its
ability to division and inversely proportional to degree of its differentiation.
According to this law all bodies share on 3 groups of critical bodies:
1 - gonads, bodies of blood formation (red bone brain); crystalline lens
2 - all other bodies and tissues,
3 - skin, bones; thyroid gland
Слайд 20HYGIENIC NORMATIVES OF RADIATION
(Norms of radiation safety of Ukraine 1997)
Maximal
permissible doses (MPD) radiation
at external irradiation:
Category A - the persons professionally contacting to radiation
Category B – people, which are near the sources of radiation
Category C - other population
Слайд 21Principles of radiation protection at work with
the
closed sources of radiation.
4 principles of protection:
· Protection
by doze (MPD),
· - By distance,
· - By Time
· - By Screens.
Слайд 22There are 5 kinds of screens:
- Protective containers for
storage radioisotopes;
- Screens for the equipment;
- Mobile screens;
- Screens in
building designs (walls, ceilings, doors, floors);
- Screens in individual means of protection - lead gloves, aprons, etc.
Слайд 23Main principles of protection at work with open sources:
- Use
principles of protection at work with the closed sources;
- Hermetic
sealing, automation, isolating suits, special boxes and exhaust devices for work with isotopes;
- Special not adsorbing coverings of surfaces, often cleaning surfaces of radioactive pollution;
Слайд 24- The special equipment of ventilation, water drains;
Special lay-out of
premises with the built protective designs;
lay-out of a site
- distance radiological laboratories from residential buildings, branches etc. depending on it class (4 classes by annual amount used radioactive substances);
- Careful radiating and medical control personnel;
- Observance personal hygiene and requirements to overalls.
Слайд 27Natural radiating background (NRB)
NRB - Natural level of radio-activity
in the given district, basically dependent on natural factors.
On
the average NRB makes about 100 mili-BER / year.
In Crimea it is 6-30 mili-Roentgen / hour (it can be more - in the mountain part of Crimea - radioactivity of the granite masses, containing uranium).
Слайд 28Structure NRB:
- Space radiation (25-50 %)
- Natural radio-activity of
ground (granite), air, water (25 %);
- Radio-activity of Food stuffs
- about 25 % NRB
Thus, in NRB the external irradiation makes 75 %, internal 25 %.
Слайд 29Additional anthropogenic sources of increase NRB for the population:
-
Regions of the atomic power station and their failures and
nuclear explosions;
- Diagnostic x-ray procedures (at one X-ray scopy the patient receives 1 BER at once);
- TV - by the color TV for 4 hours in day per year - 50 mBER.
Слайд 30Diagnostics and prevention professional pathology
The Order of Ministry of
Public Health of Ukraine № 45, which contain:
1) The list
of works for which preliminary and periodic physical examinations working are obligatory
2) The order of realization such surveys, structure medical commission for surveys
3) The list of medical contra-indications for reception at various kinds of manufactures
4) The list of diagnoses of occupational diseases and poisonings