HYGIENE OF WORK

of hygiene, investigating influence of work process, professional harmful factors

on organism of working and prevention professional (occupational) diseases

prevention fatigue (exhaustion).
- Hygiene of work with harmful physical professional

factors - (noise, vibration, electromagnetic fields)
- Radiation hygiene
- Hygiene of work with industrial poisons - industrial toxicology
- Hygiene of work in agriculture with agro-chemicals - agricultural toxicology
- Hygiene of work in conditions of dust pollution of air -prevention professional dust pathology (phneumoconiosis)
There is also division on industries (chemical, mining, metallurgical, building etc.) and in agriculture.

harmful factors (PHF) – it is the factors influencing on

working people and capable to cause violations of health - occupational diseases.

Occupational diseases – it is such diseases, for which it is proved role of professional harmful factors.

Doctors, learning and treating occupational diseases, named professional pathologists.

cause sharp violation of health (acute occupational disease) or death

of the person

The Harmful professional factor - can cause chronic violation of health - chronic occupational disease

factors of the organization of work, the lacks of workplace

and the equipment

2. Physical professional factors

3. Chemical professional factors (industrial poisons)
      
4. Biological professional factors (microbes, allergens)

5. Industrial traumatism (mechanical, thermal, electric trauma).

must put any doctor of any medical establishment
2. Doctor must write

Emergency notice about acute professional disease (poisoning) and send to department of hygiene of work of SES
3. Doctors of SES after receiving this notice during 24 hours must go to enterprise to investigate conditions of work (presence harmful factor at a level, more, than MPC)

the special department of professional pathology (in Kiev, Charcov)
2.    List

of such patients this department send to the local SES
3.    Doctors of SES during 7 days must go to enterprise to investigate conditions of work (presence harmful factor at a level, more, than MPC)

Final diagnosis of chronic professional disease can be put only after conclusion of SES.

examinations - for again acting for work with harmful and

dangerous working conditions with the purpose:

а) To admit to work only those which state of health completely meets the requirements of a given trade,

b) To not admit to work the persons having deviations in health which can amplify under influence of working conditions, and also those who can be a source of infectious or parasitic illnesses.

or dangerous conditions. Periodicity of them is determined by the

order № 45.

Tasks of these physical examinations:
а) To reveal early attributes of occupational diseases
b) To reveal the general diseases interfering the further work
c) To appoint individual treatment and prophylactic actions.

in environment goes only ionization radiation (example - x-ray tube);

-

OPEN source - in environment can go both radiation, and radioactive particles (example - radioactive isotopes).

a stream of alpha particles (nucleus of helium) - goes

basically from natural isotopes.
 
Betta radiation - a stream of betta-particles (electrons or positrons).
 
Neutron radiation - a stream of neutrons.

2. Electromagnetic radiation:
X-ray and gamma - radiation.
Protection - materials with high density - lead, concrete.

protons), neutrons

- activity of substance with 1 nuclear disintegration on 1

sec.
 
2. Unit of equivalent doze.
Zivert (Zv) - biological effect of the absorbed doze in 1 Grey.
 
BER - the biological effect of the absorbed doze 1 Rad. 1 Zv = 100 BER.

consequences of action of radiation conditionally can be divided on

SOMATIC effects and REMOVAL effects.
 
Somatic - effects at the irradiated organism – beam (radiation) illness
 
Removal – appear after long time or at future generations - cancerogenic, mutagenic action, hereditary effects.

there is no limit of harmful action –
cancerogenic, mutagenic

action, hereditary effects.
These effects can be shown at action of small dozes (when it is not exceed 100 BER during life).

NOT STOCHASTIC (limited) effects - damage depends on a doze and it is possible to establish a limit of harmful action.

at dozes of radiation at once is more than 100

BER .
Dozes 500-600 BER at a unitary radiation - are absolutely fatal.
2.   Chronic radiation illness - at a long action of radiation in a doze less than 100 BER.

3. BEAM BURNS - at doze of radiation at once up to 500 BER.

4. Beam cataract - at a doze of radiation more than 30 BER per one year.

Berganie –
Radio-sensitivity of tissues is directly proportional to its

ability to division and inversely proportional to degree of its differentiation.
 
According to this law all bodies share on 3 groups of critical bodies:
 
1 - gonads, bodies of blood formation (red bone brain); crystalline lens
 
2 - all other bodies and tissues,
 
3 - skin, bones; thyroid gland

permissible doses (MPD) radiation

at external irradiation:

Category A - the persons professionally contacting to radiation
Category B – people, which are near the sources of radiation
Category C - other population

closed sources of radiation.
4 principles of protection:
·       Protection

by doze (MPD),
·      - By distance,
·      - By Time
·  - By Screens.

storage radioisotopes;
- Screens for the equipment;
- Mobile screens;
- Screens in

building designs (walls, ceilings, doors, floors);
- Screens in individual means of protection - lead gloves, aprons, etc.

principles of protection at work with the closed sources;
- Hermetic

sealing, automation, isolating suits, special boxes and exhaust devices for work with isotopes;
- Special not adsorbing coverings of surfaces, often cleaning surfaces of radioactive pollution;

premises with the built protective designs;
lay-out of a site

- distance radiological laboratories from residential buildings, branches etc. depending on it class (4 classes by annual amount used radioactive substances);
- Careful radiating and medical control personnel;
- Observance personal hygiene and requirements to overalls.

in the given district, basically dependent on natural factors.
On

the average NRB makes about 100 mili-BER / year.
In Crimea it is 6-30 mili-Roentgen / hour (it can be more - in the mountain part of Crimea - radioactivity of the granite masses, containing uranium).

ground (granite), air, water (25 %);
 
- Radio-activity of Food stuffs

- about 25 % NRB
 
Thus, in NRB the external irradiation makes 75 %, internal 25 %.

Regions of the atomic power station and their failures and

nuclear explosions;
 
- Diagnostic x-ray procedures (at one X-ray scopy the patient receives 1 BER at once);
 
- TV - by the color TV for 4 hours in day per year - 50 mBER.

Public Health of Ukraine № 45, which contain:

1) The list

of works for which preliminary and periodic physical examinations working are obligatory
2) The order of realization such surveys, structure medical commission for surveys
3) The list of medical contra-indications for reception at various kinds of manufactures
4) The list of diagnoses of occupational diseases and poisonings