Слайд 1Lexicology
Lecture 2 English vocabulary as a system
1. Ways of enriching
vocabulary
2. The classification of the English vocabulary
2.1 Morphological grouping
2.2
Thematic and ideographic groups
2.3 Terminological systems
2.4 Different types of non-semantic groupings
Слайд 2By the vocabulary of a language
is understood the total sum
of its words.
Another term is the stock of words.
The
vocabulary of the language is not homogeneous.
It is an adaptive system.
Слайд 3Ways of enriching vocabulary
Neologisms (newly-coined words).
Productive word-formation patterns:
Affixation (electronics,
psycho-linguistics),
Conversion (a sputnik – to sputnik),
Back-derivation (to laze from lazy),
Shortening
(lab -- laboratory)
Слайд 4Ways of enriching vocabulary
Semantic extension (Ex. The new slangish word
“heel” that means a traitor or a double-crosser (хитрец, двурушник)
has lost all connections with “heel” – the back part of human feet.)
Borrowing (blitzkrieg, protein)
Obsolete words (Cyninge n “king”)
Archaisms (Ex. Betwixt is replaced by between.)
Historism (Ex. Phaeton)
Слайд 5The classification of the English vocabulary
I. Morphological and lexico-grammatical
grouping:
root words (ex. Dog hand),
derivatives (ex. Handy, handful),
compound
words (ex. Handball, handbag),
compound derivatives (ex. Left-handed).
Word-families
according to the root-morpheme (ex. Handy удобный, handsome, handbag, and handicraft ручная работа).
according to a common suffix or prefix (ex. Troublesome причиняющий беспокойство, gladsome довольный, gruesome отвратительный).
Слайд 6II. Thematic and ideographic groups:
The basis of thematic grouping: linguistic
(that is words belong to the same part of speech)
and extra linguistic.
Ex colour terms, military and medical terms.
Thematic groups are multistage systems – words belonging to the basic system differ from words belonging to subsystems in frequency of use, motivation, simple or compound character, stylistic colouring and combining power.
Слайд 7Ideographic groups.
Words are classed according to their signification that is
the system of logical notions.
Ex. Such words as light
(noun), bright (adj.), shine (verb), are united into one ideographic group as they are all connected with the notion of light.
Слайд 8III. Terminological systems:
Terms are words or word groups used to
name a notion characteristic of some special field of knowledge,
industry or culture.
Terminological systems
monosemantic
intersecting sets
simultaneously
layman
Ex. Vitamin, transistor.
Слайд 9IV. The opposition of emotionally coloured and neutral voc-ry.
Neutral words
express notions but do not say anything about the state
of the speaker or his mood. Ex. Impatient, resort, report.
Emot-ly coloured words evoke or directly express feelings because the character of denotator corresponding to the root of the word may be connected with emotion
(ex. A rotten business, or to be beastly mean about smth.)
Слайд 10IV. Different types of non-semantic groupings:
The alphabetical organization of written
words
It’s of great practical value.
Its theoretical value is almost
null.
ex. Words beginning with “w” are mostly native and those beginning with “ph” are borrowed from Greek.
The rhyming group (similarity of their ends)
The 3d type is based on the length of the words. Useful for communication, engineering, automatic reading of messages and correction of mistakes.
The 4th type is based on a statistical analyses of frequency of words. Correlations between quantitative and qualitative characteristics of lexical units
(ex. The most frequent words are polysemantic and stylistically neutral).
