state university
project in: law studies
Topic system of state:the bodies of
egyptStudent:salamaola group:18lc2a supervisor:gavrilova t.v
2020
2020
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The commission will be composed of 10 members, presided by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court and four other ex officio members of the judiciary who are the most senior serving Deputy President of each of the Supreme Constitutional, the Court of Cassation, and the High Administrative Court, and the president of the Cairo Court of Appeal.
The rest of the commission will be made up from five independent and neutral public figures: three to be selected by the Peoples Assembly and two to be selected by the Shoura Council.
Decisions of this Committee shall be passed by a majority of seven votes. This commission will have a term of five years and will be exclusively competent to supervise the presidential election process, including accepting
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The commission will be composed of 10 members, presided by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Constitutional
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The rest of the commission will be made up from five independent and neutral public figures: three to be selected by the System of Government
Egypt’s system of government reflects a combination of the prime ministerial and presidential systems. The President is the head of state and commander in chief of the armed forces. The Prime Minister acts as the president’s deputy and implements his policies. Both the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers are appointed and removed by the President. The Parliament enacts laws submitted by the cabinet. In the meantime, the judiciary supervises the enforcement of these laws.
The three main branches of the government as stated in the Egyptian Constitution are (1) the executive branch, (2) the legislative branch, and (3) the judicial branch.
Executive Branch
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Legislative Branch (Parliament)
The legislative branch consists of two chambers: the People’s Assembly and the Shura Council (Consultative Council).
The People’s Assembly has the power to enact laws and approve bilateral and multilateral treaties as well as the national budget. It consists of 454 members and 444 of these members are directly elected. The remaining 10 are appointed by the President.
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Judicial Branch
The judicial branch monitors and supervises the implementation and enforcement of laws. Judges are appointed for life with a mandatory retirement at the age of seventy.
Official Language
According to article 2 of the Egyptian Constitution, Arabic is the official language of the country.
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Official Sources of the Law
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Laws (Al Tashreaat)
The People’s Assembly passes laws and the President approves those laws. All laws must adhere to constitutional provisions and Islamic Sharia’. The Supreme Constitutional Court has the right to review the constitutionality of laws.
Treaties and International Agreements (Al Atfakyat wa Al Muahadat Al Doulyah)
Treaties and agreements become laws when they are signed and ratified by the executive branch and approved by the People’s Assembly.
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Prime Ministerial Resolutions (Qrarrat Ra’ais Al Wzaraza’a)
The office of the Prime Minister issues prime ministerial resolutions to coordinate among ministries and enforce the agenda of the President.
Ministerial Resolutions (Al Qrarrat Al Wazarih)
Ministerial Resolutions establish procedures to facilitate the execution of recently enacted laws. These resolutions usually deal with issues pertaining to the ministry’s jurisdiction.
Printed Sources
Laws, presidential decrees. and resolutions of the Prime Minister are published in the Egyptian Official Gazette (Al Gareedah Al Rasmeyah), usually within two weeks of their issuance. They become effective one month from the date
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Legislative Process
The President, any member of the People’s Assembly, and any Minister has the right to propose a bill. Once proposed, a bill is sent to an ad hoc committee for examination and then submitted to the People’s Assembly for a vote. When a majority of the parliamentarians are present in the People’s Assembly, a quorum is established for voting and a vote on each article of the bill may proceed.
After passing a bill, the People’s Assembly sends it to the President for his formal approval and signature. If the President approves the bill, he signs it. It must be published in the Official Gazette within two weeks of its issuance date (the date of signing) and becomes law upon publication. However, the President has the right to return this bill to the People’s Assembly within thirty days if he disagrees with its contents. In the event that a bill is
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chart
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Court System
Three-Tiered Judicial Branch
The Egyptian court system includes three tiers: Courts of the First Degree (Mahkmat El Daragah El Aoulah), the Appellate Court (Mahkmat El Esti’anaf), and the Court of Cassation (Mahkmat El Naqd).
Courts of the First Degree
The Courts of the First Degree are responsible for adjudicating misdemeanors and civil disputes involving financial amounts that do not exceed EG£5000 (about US$800). The court consists of one judge. These courts
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Courts of Appeal
The Courts of Appeal serve as courts of first instance for capital crimes. There are seven appeals courts located in the major cities of Egypt. Each court has jurisdiction over the region assigned. Each Court of Appeal consists of three judges: a chief justice and two assistants. Their mission is to review decisions related to misdemeanors and civil matters issued by Courts of the First Degree across the country. The court applies civil and criminal codes modeled primarily on the French Napoleonic Codes; therefore, there is no jury system. The Court of Cassation represents the final stage of criminal appeals.
Some circuits within the criminal court have jurisdiction over crimes related to state security. Individuals tried before these circuits do not have the right to appeal the court’s decision except on procedural grounds.
Court of Cassation
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Courts of Special Jurisdiction
In addition to the three-tiered system described above, the Egyptian judicial branch consists of different types of courts with specialized jurisdiction, including the Supreme Constitutional Court (El Mahkmah El Dostouriah El Aolyah), Family Courts (Mahkmat El Ausrah), Military Courts (El Mahakm El Askariyah), Economic Courts (El Mahkmat El Eqtsadyah), Environmental Courts (El Mahkamt El Beaeyah), and Council of State (Administrative Judicial Court) (Mahkmah Al Qda’a El Edari).
Supreme Constitutional Court
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Family Courts
The Family Courts were established in 2004 to protect children in disputes pertaining to tutelage, divorce, alimony, and custody. These courts apply Islamic Shari’a in disputes involving Muslims, and to married Christian couples who belong to different Christian sects. The courts also apply Islamic law in matters of inheritance. The family court system is a three-tiered system, with first instance, intermediate, and final appellate courts, which reflect the administrative division of the country.
Military Courts
The Military Courts have jurisdiction over military personnel and civilians implicated in crimes related to terrorism and national security. Based on amendment 1382010 amending Law 234-1959 concerning reserve officers
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Economic Courts
Law 120-2008 establishes Economic Courts in each Court of Appeal circuit. The Economic Court consists of courts of first instance and courts of appeal. These courts have a jurisdiction over criminal cases stemming from investment operations, laws on consumer protection, and commercial and banking transactions. The economic court system is a three-tiered system, with first instance, intermediate, and final appellate courts.
Environmental Courts
The Environmental Courts have jurisdiction over civil and criminal violations of environmental laws. They were created to adjudicate crimes causing the pollution of the Nile River. The environmental court system is a three¬
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The Administrative Judicial Court has jurisdiction over administrative matters related to government contracts, tenders, and administrative decisions. It is a first instance court.
The Supreme Administrative Court sits at the top of the administrative judicial structure. It is an appellate court that reviews the decisions issued by the Administrative Judicial CourtAssembly and two to be selected by the Shoura Council
Decisions of this Committee shall be passed by a majority of seven votes. This commission will have a term of five
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Executive Branch
The Executive Branch is headed by the President, who chooses the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers. According to the Egyptian Constitution, the President must be elected by the Parliament. Once elected, the President serves six consecutive calendar years and can be reelected indefinitely. He has the authority to appoint all the judges of the Supreme Constitutional Court, along with civilian and military judges. In addition, the President appoints ten members of the People’s Assembly (see discussion, below). He also selects eighty-eight out of 246 members of the Shura Council (the Consultative Council).
Legislative Branch (Parliament)
The legislative branch consists of two chambers: the People’s Assembly and the Shura Council (Consultative Council).
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The Shura Council (Consultative Council) acts in a consulting capacity to the President, the executive branch, and the People’s Assembly. Unlike the People’s Assembly, it does not have any legislative powers. While the President appoints eighty-eight members of the Shura Council, the remaining 174 members of the Shura Council are directly elected by the people.
Judicial Branch
The judicial branch monitors and supervises the implementation and enforcement of laws. Judges are appointed for life with a mandatory retirement at the age of seventy.
System of Government
Egypt’s system of government reflects a combination of the prime ministerial and presidential systems. The President is the head of state and commander in chief of the armed forces. The Prime Minister acts as the president’s deputy and implements his policies. Both the Prime Minister and
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The three main branches of the government as stated in the Egyptian Constitution are (1) the executive branch, (2) the legislative branch, and (3) the judicial branch.
Executive Branch
The Executive Branch is headed by the President, who chooses the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers. According to the Egyptian Constitution, the President must be elected by the Parliament. Once elected, the President serves six consecutive calendar years and can be reelected indefinitely. He has the authority to appoint all the judges of the Supreme Constitutional Court, along with civilian and military judges. In addition, the President appoints ten members of the People’s Assembly (see discussion, below). He also selects eighty-eight out of 246 members of the Shura Council (the Consultative Council).
Legislative Branch (Parliament)
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The Shura Council (Consultative Council) acts in a consulting capacity to the President, the executive branch, and the People’s Assembly. Unlike the People’s Assembly, it does not have any legislative powers. While the President appoints eighty-eight members of the Shura Council, the remaining 174 members of the Shura Council are directly elected by the people.
Judicial Branch
The judicial branch monitors and supervises the implementation and enforcement of laws. Judges are appointed for life with a mandatory retirement at the age of seventy.
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Laws (Al Tashreaat)
The People’s Assembly passes laws and the President approves those laws. All laws must adhere to constitutional provisions and Islamic Sharia’. The Supreme Constitutional Court has the right to review the constitutionality of laws.
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Printed Sources
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Legislative Process
The President, any member of the People’s Assembly, and any Minister has the right to propose a bill. Once proposed, a bill is sent to an ad hoc committee for examination and then submitted to the People’s Assembly for a vote. When a majority of the parliamentarians are present in the People’s Assembly, a quorum is established for voting and a vote on each article of the bill may proceed.
After passing a bill, the People’s Assembly sends it to the President for his formal approval and signature. If the President approves the bill, he signs it. It must be
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chart
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Court System
Three-Tiered Judicial Branch
The Egyptian court system includes three tiers: Courts of the First Degree (Mahkmat El Daragah El Aoulah), the Appellate Court (Mahkmat El Esti’anaf), and the Court of Cassation (Mahkmat El Naqd).
Courts of the First Degree
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Courts of Appeal
The Courts of Appeal serve as courts of first instance for capital crimes. There are seven appeals courts located in the major cities of Egypt. Each court has jurisdiction over the region assigned. Each Court of Appeal consists of three judges: a chief justice and two assistants. Their mission is to review decisions related to misdemeanors and civil matters issued by Courts of the First Degree across the country. The court applies civil and criminal codes modeled primarily on the French Napoleonic Codes; therefore, there is no jury system. The Court of Cassation represents the final stage of criminal appeals.
Some circuits within the criminal court have jurisdiction over crimes related to state security. Individuals tried
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Courts of Special Jurisdiction
In addition to the three-tiered system described above, the Egyptian judicial branch consists of different types of courts with specialized jurisdiction, including the Supreme Constitutional Court (El Mahkmah El Dostouriah El Aolyah), Family Courts (Mahkmat El Ausrah), Military Courts (El Mahakm El Askariyah), Economic Courts (El Mahkmat El Eqtsadyah), Environmental Courts (El Mahkamt El Beaeyah), and Council of State
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Family Courts
The Family Courts were established in 2004 to protect children in disputes pertaining to tutelage, divorce, alimony, and custody. These courts apply Islamic Shari’a in disputes involving Muslims, and to married Christian couples who belong to different Christian sects. The courts also apply Islamic law in matters of inheritance. The family court system is a three-tiered system, with first instance, intermediate, and final appellate courts, which reflect the administrative division of the country.
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Economic Courts
Law 120-2008 establishes Economic Courts in each Court of Appeal circuit. The Economic Court consists of courts of first instance and courts of appeal. These courts have a jurisdiction over criminal cases stemming from investment operations, laws on consumer protection, and commercial and banking transactions. The economic court system is a three-tiered system, with first instance, intermediate, and final appellate courts.
Environmental Courts
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The Council of State (Administrative Judicial Court System)
Established in 1946, the Council of State has the right to nullify and repeal administrative decrees issued by the Council of Ministers, the Prime Minister, and the President. The Council consists of the Administrative Judicial Court and the Supreme Administrative Court.
The Administrative Judicial Court has jurisdiction over administrative matters related to government contracts, tenders, and administrative decisions. It is a first instance court.
The Supreme Administrative Court sits at the top of the administrative judicial structure. It is an appellate court that reviews the decisions issued by the Administrative Judicial Court
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