Presentation Scientific and technical progress Penecillin

antibiotics. They were discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. Penicillium

fungi are the natural producer of penicillins, the most active of the natural penicillins is benzylpenicillin, which has been used since the late 1940s.
The main component of all penicillins is 6-APA (6-aminopenicillanic acid), consisting of β-lactam and a thiazolidine ring. All penicillins differ only in the structure of the radical.

The first group includes: natural penicillins (synthesized by mushrooms) benzylpenicillin

and phenoxymethylpenicillin. They have a narrow spectrum of action on pyogenic cocci and some gram-positive bacteria, since their β-lactam is not protected from the action of penicillinases (enzymes that are synthesized by some microorganisms (Staphylococcus));
semisynthetic penicillins that are resistant to penicillinases, so they are used to combat a wider range of microorganisms (cocci, staphylococci, gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria). These include: methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin; aminopenicillins with an extended spectrum of action amoxicillin, ampicillin;

of peptidoglycan, which is the main component of the bacterial

cell wall, namely, they inhibit the transpeptidase reaction of the synthesis of cell wall components (for example, D-alanine) [1]. Blocking the synthesis of peptidoglycan leads to the death of bacteria.

To overcome the widespread acquired resistance among microorganisms associated with the production of special enzymes, β-lactamases, which destroy β-lactams, the so-called protected penicillins were developed, including compounds that can irreversibly inhibit the activity of β-lactamases (β-lactamase inhibitors) - clavulan acid, sulbactam and tazobactam.

bacterial infections. The substance that opens under the influence of

the virus is widely distributed in the production of pharmaceuticals, which was the result of its artificial synthesis, which helped to cope with the most numerous diseases, such as syphilis, gangrene and tuberculosis.