SIW “The role of serological tumor markers in the diagnosis and control of

control of tumor processes”

results
Conclusion
List of references

doctors determine the extent and further development of the disease,

the level of remission, and the method of treatment. To date, there are about one hundred known tumor markers in the world, but in practice there are only several species.

They are found in large quantities in the diagnosis of

cancer in Israel in the human body with cancer. Screening for tumor markers is strongly recommended for those patients who are at increased risk of developing the disease. This cancer diagnosis is able to detect cancer in the early stages.

(recurrence). Determining the rate of decrease or increase in a

tumor marker makes it possible to find out exactly whether there is a process of metastasis in the body and evaluate the course of treatment. For an oncologist, the dynamics of change in the number of tumor markers is of more interest than detection. Israeli doctors determine the formation of metastases even six months before their manifestation. If, after the operation and the course of treatment, the reduction in the number of tumor markers has not decreased, then this means only one thing - the chosen treatment regimen is ineffective, and the oncologist can correct it in time, which has a great role in the treatment of cancer.

them;
hormones - (hCG, adrenocorticotropic hormone);
enzymes - phosphatases, lactate dehydrogenases, etc

.;
metabolic products - creatine, hydroxyproline, polyamines, free DNA;
blood plasma proteins - ferritin, ceruloplasmin, β2-microglobulin;
protein products of tumor breakdown.

sensitive tumor-specific (tumor-associated) tumor markers in order to diagnose and

monitor the course of the disease. These tumor markers include a large group of factors found in malignant and associated with malignant growth of cells. They are macromolecules, mainly proteins with a carbohydrate or lipid component.

From compounds produced by normal cells, they differ either qualitatively (tumor-specific) or quantitatively (associated with a tumor, but also present in normal cells). They form inside or on the surface of tumor cells, or as a result of induction they form in other cells. Some of the tumor markers are secreted into the blood, so that their concentration can be determined using enzyme immunoassay.

the effectiveness of the treatment, radio, chemotherapy and hormone therapy,

surgical treatment, the appointment, if necessary, of a different therapy regimen, obtaining prognostic information.
in combination with other diagnostic methods, early differential diagnosis of a tumor
With regular monitoring of the level of tumor markers, informative for a tumor of a specific location, metastases can be detected 4-6 months before their clinical detection.

month during the first year after treatment
1 time in 2

months during the second year after treatment,
Once every 3 months during the third year of observation.

of patients with ovarian cancer at the time of diagnosis

are stage III or IV, since the clinical picture of the disease has been obliterated.
oncofetal antigens (alpha-fetoprotein and chorionic gonadotropin) and
tumor-associated antigens (CA125, CA19-9).
In addition, it was shown that macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is detected in almost 70% of patients with ovarian cancer.

Cancer of cervical cancer

In recent decades, there has been a significant increase in the incidence of uterine cancer (CC). The cervix is ​​covered with stratified squamous epithelium which originates from the urogenital sinus. 90% of cervical malignant diseases are squamous cervical cancer. In squamous cervical cancer, squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) is one of the most informative markers used to monitor the course of the disease, evaluate the effectiveness of treatment, prognosis, and preclinical detection of recurrence.

A relapse-free survival period also correlates with SCCA levels. A high level of SCCA before the start of treatment is an indicator of a poor prognosis, a factor influencing the decision to conduct adjuvant therapy. Specific tissue polypeptide (Tissue Polypeptide Specific antigen, TPS) and cancer embryonic antigen (CEA) are also characterized by relatively high sensitivity for cervical cancer, and their combined use may have advantages in patients with early stages of the tumor process.

in old age. It is extremely difficult to establish micrometastases

in the lymph nodes and distant organs using conventional clinical methods, and therefore it becomes important to identify tumor markers for the diagnosis of breast cancer in the initial stages, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy and early detection of recurrence and metastasis.
These are CA15-3 - a marker with rather high specificity for breast cancer and a group of oncofetal antigens - carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA), ferritin, β2-microglobulin.
Oncofetal antigens are not specific for tumor cells, but their definition can be used to assess the prognosis and early diagnosis of distant metastases. In some patients, an increase in the concentration of any marker in the blood was found within 1-10 months. before clinical detection of recurrence or metastasis. Combined determination of the level of CEA and TPA in the blood of patients with breast cancer increases the accuracy of assessing the effectiveness of treatment and prognosis. Determination of serum ferritin level in breast cancer can be used to diagnose metastases - the concentration of protein in the blood is significantly increased in the presence of breast cancer metastases, especially in the liver.
The proteolytic enzymes urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its type 1 inhibitor (PAI-1) play an important role in the process of tumor invasion and metastasis. The prognostic value of these two enzymes was studied. It turned out that in patients with operable breast cancer without metastases to the axillary lymph nodes, uPA is an independent prognostic factor characterizing recurrence-free survival. The uPA and PAI-1 parameters can be used to select patients who need adjuvant chemotherapy. The period of relapse-free survival in patients with low uPA and PAI-1 levels is longer than in patients with high uPA and / or PAI-1 levels.

1 - 2 in the structure of morbidity and 2

- 3 in the structure of cancer mortality among men in most developed countries. From laboratory methods, the most important is the determination of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA). The concentration of PSA in the blood is an important marker of pathological conditions in the prostate gland.

 The marker is used both for screening, for the purpose of early detection of prostate cancer (PCa), and for monitoring patients with prostatitis, prostate adenoma and PCa, as an additional method in the differential diagnosis of prostate diseases.

UBC (Urinary Bladder Cancer) is clinically significant.

Gastrointestinal tumor marker
Pancreatic cancer

is usually diagnosed in the latter stages. By the time of diagnosis, more than 85% of patients with pancreatic cancer are spreading beyond the limits of the organ, and therefore such patients cannot undergo radical surgery.
Today, the serological marker CA242 is the best for the diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis of pancreatic cancer, colon and rectal cancer, and stomach cancer. For these purposes, a number of other tumor markers are used, such as CA19-9 or CEA.
In about 40% of cases, early esophageal cancer is asymptomatic. The marker that can be recommended for use in squamous cell esophageal cancer is SCCA.

cause of death among all malignant diseases in the world.

According to the WHO classification, there are at least 23 types of lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer (MKRL) accounts for 20% of all lung cancer cases. Small cell lung cancer is thought to be a tumor of neuroendocrine cells.

For small-cell lung cancer, tumor markers ProGRP (the precursor of gastrin releasing peptide) and NSE (neuron-specific enolase) are most characteristic. NSE is an enzyme that is a good marker for all neuroendocrine tumors. The combined determination of serum levels of ProGRP and NSE is significant and can be used in the diagnosis, treatment and early detection of relapse in MKRL patients. As an additional marker, you can use REA.

In patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), SCCA serial studies in the postoperative period are prognostically significant.

antigens 19-9, 72-4 and 242 in the serum is a

highly informative indirect method for the preoperative diagnosis of gastric and colon cancer metastasis
A combined increase in any two tumor markers (CEA, CA 19-9, CA 72-4) indicates metastasis of gastric cancer with a probability of 83.3% and in most cases coincides with the presence of distant metastasis in patients

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