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Sound changes in Old English презентация, доклад

Содержание

An OutlineI. Mechanisms of linguistic changeII. OE VocalismIII. OE consonant system

Слайды и текст этой презентации

Слайд 1Sound changes in Old English
Lecture 2

Sound changes in Old EnglishLecture 2

Слайд 2An Outline

I. Mechanisms of linguistic change
II. OE Vocalism
III. OE consonant

system




An OutlineI. Mechanisms of linguistic changeII. OE VocalismIII. OE consonant system

Слайд 3
II. OE Vocalism
1) Qualitative changes:
PG correspondences;
Anglo-Frisian Brightening and

Restoration of a;
OE Breaking;
Palatalisation;
I-umlaut;
U-umlaut, velar umlaut
2) Quantitative changes:
Contraction
Lengthening


II. OE Vocalism  1) Qualitative changes:PG correspondences;Anglo-Frisian Brightening and Restoration of a;OE Breaking;Palatalisation;I-umlaut;U-umlaut, velar umlaut

Слайд 4
III. OE consonant system
1) West Germanic germination of consonants
2) Palatalisation

and assibilation
3) Voicing and devoicing of fricatives
4) Metathesis
5) Loss of

consonants in some positions
III. OE consonant system1) West Germanic germination of consonants2) Palatalisation and assibilation3) Voicing and devoicing of fricatives4)

Слайд 5


All living languages undergo changes.

What causes such changes?


All living languages undergo changes. What causes such changes?

Слайд 6I. Mechanisms of linguistic change
geographic or climatic
biological or racial
fashion
minimization

of effort
the influence of other languages
human inventions
changes in

social culture and moral values
I. Mechanisms of linguistic changegeographic or climaticbiological or racialfashion minimization of effort the influence of other languages

Слайд 7Alterations:


Qualitative // quantitative;

Dependent // independent


Alterations:Qualitative // quantitative;Dependent // independent

Слайд 8II. Old English voCALISM 1) Qualitative changes
PG correspondences
Gth. ai – OE

a:
e.g. Gth. stains – OE stān (stone)
Gth. ei –

OE i:
e.g. Gth. meins – OE mīn (mine)
Gth. au– OE ea:
Gth. eu – OE eo:
Gth. iu – OE io:
for greater understanding go to the chart on p. 12 [Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П., Беляева Т.М. Практикум по истории английского языка. – Cпб., 2005]

II. Old English voCALISM 1) Qualitative changesPG correspondencesGth. ai – OE a: e.g. Gth. stains – OE

Слайд 9Anglo-Frisian Brightening (or First Fronting)
The Anglo-Frisian languages underwent a

sound change in their development from Proto-Germanic by which the

vowel ā was fronted to ǣ, unless followed by a nasal consonant (n, m).
Cf. OE mann and OE dæġ

Anglo-Frisian Brightening (or First Fronting) The Anglo-Frisian languages underwent a sound change in their development from Proto-Germanic

Слайд 10Restoration of a or Retraction
Later in Old English, short /æ/

(and in some dialects long /æː/ as well), was backed

to /ɑ/ when there was a back vowel (a, o, u)
in the following syllable.

Cf. Dæġ and dagas

Restoration of a or RetractionLater in Old English, short /æ/ (and in some dialects long /æː/ as

Слайд 11Restoration of a or Retraction
Nominative dæġ

dagas
Accusative dæġ

dæġ
Genitive dæġes daga
Dative dæġe dagum
For further references see pg. 76 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.)

Restoration of a or RetractionNominative    dæġ     dagasAccusative

Слайд 12OE Breaking or fracture
it is diphthongization of short vowels

before certain consonant clusters (before r, l, h + consonant

and before h final).
It is vowels a and e that underwent fracture.
OE Breaking or fracture it is diphthongization of short vowels before certain consonant clusters (before r, l,

Слайд 13OE Breaking or fracture
Gth. kalds – WS ceald

For further references see pg. 78-80 // Rastorguyeva T. A.

A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.

OE Breaking or fracture Gth. kalds – WS ceald  For further references see pg. 78-80 //

Слайд 14It is mostly carried out in the West Saxon and

Kentish dialects and
the Anglian dialects have unbroken vowels
Cf.

WS and Kentish ceald “cold” and the Anglian dialects cald
Breaking produced a new set of vowels in OE = the short [ea] and [eo].
It is mostly carried out in the West Saxon and Kentish dialects and the Anglian dialects have

Слайд 15Palatalisation / Palatal diphthongization
OE vowels also change under the

influence of the initial palatal consonants ʒ [j], c [k’]

and cluster sc [sc’].
As a result of palatalization the vowel [e] and [æ] are diphthongized. E.g.:
OE scÆmu > OE sceamu ‘shame’
For further references see pg. 78-80 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.)

Palatalisation / Palatal diphthongization OE vowels also change under the influence of the initial palatal consonants ʒ

Слайд 16Front mutation or i-umlaut
It was a series of

changes to vowels which took place when there was an

i, ī or j in the following syllable.

Subsequently, the i, ī or j disappeared, or changed to e.
Front mutation or i-umlaut  It was a series of changes to vowels which took place when

Слайд 18Front mutation made considerable changes in the pronunciation of English.


Examples of i-umlaut in Mod English: food and feed, goose

and geese, tooth and teeth, blood and bleed, man and men.

Front mutation made considerable changes in the pronunciation of English. Examples of i-umlaut in Mod English: food

Слайд 19
i-umlaut led to the appearance of new vowels:
[y]

and [y:] arose from palatal mutation;
Diphthongs [ie] and [ie:]
For further

references see pg. 80-82 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.)

i-umlaut led to the appearance of new vowels:[y] and [y:] arose from palatal mutation;Diphthongs [ie]

Слайд 20Velar umlaut
It was the diphthongization caused by

an unstressed back vowel (u, o, a) in the following

syllable, when only a single consonant intervened.
Velar umlaut  It was the diphthongization caused by an unstressed back vowel (u, o, a) in

Слайд 21Velar umlaut
i > io hira > hiora

(their)
e > eo hefon > heofon
a > ea

saru > searu (armour)
For further references see pg. 82 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.


Velar umlaut i > io   hira > hiora (their)e > eo  hefon > heofona

Слайд 22Quantitative changes
Contraction
Lengthening

Quantitative changes ContractionLengthening

Слайд 23 Contraction
e/æ + h+ vowel = ea
eo + h

+ vowel = eo

e.g. slæhan > slehan > sleaan >

slean
Contraction e/æ + h+ vowel = eaeo + h + vowel = eoe.g. slæhan >

Слайд 24Lengthening
Vowels were lengthened before the clusters nd, ld,

mb

Cf. bindan > bīndan
Cild > cīld but cildru = because

the cluster is followed by another consonant
Lengthening  Vowels were lengthened before the clusters nd, ld, mbCf. bindan > bīndanCild > cīld but

Слайд 25
In classical Old English there were seven long vowels and

seven corresponding short vowels.

In classical Old English there were seven long vowels and seven corresponding short vowels.

Слайд 26


I(:) y (:)

u (:)

e(:) o(:)

Æ(:) a(:)
I(:)       y (:)      u (:)

Слайд 27OE Consonant system
Perhaps the most obvious difference between

Old English and present-day English is the existence in the

former of geminate consonants.
1) West Germanic germination of consonants
OE Consonant system  Perhaps the most obvious difference between Old English and present-day English is the

Слайд 28In all WG languages at an early stage of their

independent history, most consonants were lengthened after a short vowel

before [j]. This process is known as WG germination or doubling of consonants, the resulting long consonants are indicated by means of double letters:
e.g. fuljan > OE fyllan.
In all WG languages at an early stage of their independent history, most consonants were lengthened after

Слайд 29

The change didn’t affect the sonorant [r],
e.g. OE werian;


nor did it operate if the consonant was preceded by

a long vowel
e.g. OE dēmjan – OE dēman
The change didn’t affect the sonorant [r], e.g. OE werian; nor did it operate if the consonant

Слайд 30Palatalisation and assibilation
The process by which the velar consonant is

fronted is called palatalisation
The velar consonants [k, g,

x, γ] were palatalized before a front vowel (e, I, y).
e.g. OE cild [k] was softened to [k’] as it stood before the front vowel [i].
Palatalisation and assibilationThe process by which the velar consonant is fronted is called palatalisation The velar consonants

Слайд 31In a similar way, the cluster sc, as in scip

(ship), became palatalized;
By the 9th century, however, the new palatal

stops had developed into the palato-alveolar affricates. The affricate development is usually called assibilation.
e.g. OE cild [k] was softened to [k’] at it stood before the front vowel [i]. in Late OE it may have reached the stage of [t∫]
In a similar way, the cluster sc, as in scip (ship), became palatalized;By the 9th century, however,

Слайд 323) Voicing and devoicing of fricatives
In the meantime the

PG set of voiceless fricatives [f,θ, x, s] was subjected

to a new process of voicing and devoicing.
In early OE they became or remained voiced intervocally (between vowels), sonorants and voiced consonants; they became or remained voiceless in other environments, namely, initially, finally and next to other voiceless consonants:
3) Voicing and devoicing of fricatives In the meantime the PG set of voiceless fricatives [f,θ, x,

Слайд 33e.g. OE cweðan [ð] between vowels and OE cwæð [θ]

at the end of the word;
OE Nom, Acc case

– wīf, Gen – wīfes
OE spelling does not distinguish between voiced and voiceless fricatives.
e.g. OE cweðan [ð] between vowels and OE cwæð [θ] at the end of the word; OE

Слайд 344) Metathesis
Metathesis is a phonetic change which consists in two

sounds exchanging their places. It most frequently affects the consonant

r and the vowel in the following words:
e.g. þridda > þirda (third).
4) MetathesisMetathesis is a phonetic change which consists in two sounds exchanging their places. It most frequently

Слайд 355) Loss of consonants in some positions
Nasal consonants were lost

before fricative consonants (h, f, s, p): in the process

the preceding vowel was probably nasalized and lengthened.
e.g. Gt. fimf, OE fīf
Palatal 3 is occasionally dropped before d and n, the preceding vowel is lengthened:
e.g. fri3nan > frīnan (ask)
5) Loss of consonants in some positionsNasal consonants were lost before fricative consonants (h, f, s, p):

Слайд 36OE Consonant System
For further references see pg. 85-90 // Rastorguyeva

T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola,

2003. - 347 p.

OE Consonant System For further references see pg. 85-90 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English.

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