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Model BackgroundThis model is open in the sense that there are exports (X) and imports (M) in the model. Note that net exports (NX) equals (X–M). The model still includes

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Слайд 1The Small Open Economy
How the real exchange rate keeps

the goods market in equilibrium.
Y = C + I

+ G + NX(ε)
The Small Open Economy How the real exchange rate keeps the goods market in equilibrium. Y =

Слайд 2Model Background
This model is open in the sense that there

are exports (X) and imports (M) in the model. Note

that net exports (NX) equals (X–M). The model still includes government tax and expenditure. The real exchange rate (not the interest rate) is the equilibrating force in this model.
In other words if the model is out of equilibrium it is the changing real exchange rate that returns the model to equilibrium.

Y > C + I + G + NX(ε) => exchange rate decreases => NX increases until Y = C + I + G + NX(ε)

Y = C + I + G + NX(ε)

The left hand side of the goods market represents supply

The right hand side represents demand.

Y < C + I + G + NX(ε) => exchange rate increases => NX decreases until Y = C + I + G + NX(ε)

Model BackgroundThis model is open in the sense that there are exports (X) and imports (M) in

Слайд 3Building the Goods Market Model: supply side
This is a long

run model so output Y is determined by factor inputs

(i.e. K and L) only.


Change in Y


Change in L


Change in Y


Change in K

We begin with a production function.
For simplicity we assume K is fixed and allow L to vary.

The slope of this function is the marginal product of labour.
It tells us the change in output that results when we increase labour by one unit.

We might also assume L is fixed and allow K to vary.

We get a functional form that is increasing at a decreasing rate. This is consistent with the idea of diminishing marginal returns to labour.

Building the Goods Market Model: supply sideThis is a long run model so output Y is determined

Слайд 4If we chose to combine these images we would get

a surface with output on the vertical axis and capital

and labour on the other axes.

Building the Goods Market Model: supply side

In this case a cross section of the surface would provide us with the two-dimensional production functions.

If we chose to combine these images we would get a surface with output on the vertical

Слайд 5Building the Goods Market Model: supply side
Factor demand is the

marginal product of that factor. labour demand, for example, is

defined as the MPL.

MPL is labour Demand

(W/P)*

L*

(R/P)*

K*

MPK is Capital Demand

The real wage W/P is the real price of labour. Where W (nominal wage) and P (price) are determined exogenously.

To determine the optimal amount of L, firms add L until the MPL = W/P.

This is the profit maximization process that ultimately determines output.

The process is exactly the same for capital K. MPK = R/P (rental rate of capital divided by the price level).

Building the Goods Market Model: supply sideFactor demand is the marginal product of that factor. labour demand,

Слайд 6Building the Goods Market Model: demand side
We begin with consumption,

investment, government expenditure, and net exports. This gives us the

following national income accounting identity. Y = C + I(r*) + G + NX(ε) …We know Y=F(K,L)
Now, given a savings rate “s” we say c = (1–s) is the marginal propensity to consume. This gives us a consumption function C = c(Y–T).
“r” is the real interest rate. Investment and the real interest rate have a negative relationship so I(r) is negatively sloped. As “r” increases “I” decreases. In this case however it is the world interest rate (r*) that dominates the small open economy. Much like a perfect competitor is a price taker the small open economy is an interest rate taker. Domestic investors always have access to the world interest rates and their economy is so small it can not affect the world interest rate.
“T” is the amount of tax collected.
NX = (X–M) is the trade balance and is dependent on the real exchange rate “ε” From this we get…
Y = c(Y–T) + I(r*) + G + NX(ε) …rearranging we get, Y – c(Y–T) – G = I(r*) + NX(ε) …or, Sn = I(r*) + NX(ε) …or Sn – I(r*) = NX(ε) …so national savings – investment = net exports we call (S–I) net capital outflow because when savings is positive it is lent abroad.
Building the Goods Market Model: demand sideWe begin with consumption, investment, government expenditure, and net exports. This

Слайд 7Goods Market Equilibrium: The Loanable Funds Market
We said the

small open economy model long run equilibrium occurs at the

point where Y = c(Y – T) + I(r*) + G + NX(ε) and that if the system is out of equilibrium then “ε” must change to equilibrate the system.

S-I(r*),NX(ε)

ε

ε*

S-I(r*)

NX(ε)

ε

ε

Recall that S – I(r*) = NX(ε) is just a rearrangement of the goods market into net capital flow and trade balance components. This rearrangement is called the loanable funds market.

If the loanable funds market is out of equilibrium then the exchange rate adjusts to equilibrate it which in turn ensures that the goods market is in equilibrium.

Goods Market Equilibrium: The Loanable Funds Market We said the small open economy model long run equilibrium

Слайд 8The Markets in Transition
There are various effects which can

enter the model and change either S – I or

NX leading to a change in the real exchange rate.

Things that might shift S – I include changes in Y, T, G, or the mpc.

Things that might shift NX include changes in domestic and foreign trade policy policies such as tariffs or quotas.

S-I(r*),NX(ε)

ε

ε*

S-I(r*)

NX(ε)

ε*

ε*

NX(ε)

S-I(r*)

All these changes require a different real exchange rate to equilibrate the market.

The Markets in Transition There are various effects which can enter the model and change either S

Слайд 9Conclusion
The small open economy model is a simple static model

that allows us to see how the real exchange rate

adjusts to keep equilibrium in the loanable funds market which implies equilibrium in the goods market. We also see how various exogenous shocks can affect either (S–I) or NX and therefore lead to a different real exchange rate that equilibrates the goods market.
ConclusionThe small open economy model is a simple static model that allows us to see how the

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