Colonization of Mars

2 2. Mission concepts and timelines 3 3. SpaceX 4 4. Mission concepts and timelines 5 5. Mars One 6
6. Conditions for human habitation 7 7. Effects on human health 8 8. Physical effects 9 9. Сonclusion 10

human colonization. Mars' surface conditions and past presence of water

make it arguably the most hospitable planet in the Solar System besides Earth.

to Mars as conceived by national governmental space programs—such as

those being tentatively planned by NASA, FKA and ESA—would not be direct precursors to colonization. They are intended solely as exploration missions, as the Apollo missions to the Moon were not planned to be sites of a permanent base. Colonization requires the establishment of permanent bases that have potential for self-expansion. A famous proposal for building such bases is the Mars Direct and the Semi-Direct plans, advocated by Robert Zubrin.

planning for unmanned Mars landing in 2022 and manned Mars

landing in 2024.

is planning a permanent manned Mars landing in 2032. A

concept video was published in June 2012. A subsequent concept video was released in September 2015.

closer to the conditions on Earth in terms of temperature

and sunlight than on any other planet or moon, except for the cloud tops of Venus. However, the surface is not hospitable to humans or most known life forms due to greatly reduced air pressure, and an atmosphere with only 0.1% oxygen.

habitation. Different technologies have been developed to assist long-term space

exploration and may be adapted for habitation on Mars. The existing record for the longest consecutive space flight is 438 days by cosmonaut Valeri Polyakov, and the most accrued time in space is 878 days by Gennady Padalka. The longest time spent outside the protection of the Earth's Van Allen radiation belt is about 12 days for the Apollo 17 moon landing. This is minor in comparison to the 1100 day journey planned by NASA as soon as the year 2028. Scientists have also hypothesized that many different biological functions can be negatively affected by the environment of Mars colonies. Due to higher levels of radiation, there are a multitude of physical side-effects that must be mitigated.

by weakening bones and muscles. There is also risk of

osteoporosis and cardiovascular problems. Current rotations on the International Space Station put astronauts in zero gravity for six months, a comparable length of time to a one-way trip to Mars. This gives researchers the ability to better understand the physical state that astronauts going to Mars will arrive in. Once on Mars, surface gravity is only 38% of that on Earth. Upon return to Earth, recovery from bone loss and atrophy is a long process and the effects of microgravity may never fully reverse.