Слайд 2In a complex sentence there is one principal (main) clause
and one or more subordinate clauses.
The alarm was raised
as soon as the fire was discovered
The alarm was raised – the main clause
The fire was discovered – the subordinate clause
as soon as - the conjunction
Слайд 3Noun clauses
A noun clause does the work of a noun.
It answers the questions Who? or What?
He told me
that he had succeeded (He told me … what?)
that he had succeeded - is a noun clause
I know (that) he is going to be late.
It is a pity (that) he is gong to be late
Слайд 4Noun clauses derived from questions
Has he signed the contract?
Tell me
if he has signed the contract.
Ask him if (whether) he
has signed the contract.
When did you sign the contract?
Tell me when you signed the contract.
Слайд 6Relative clauses
The house we moved into was absolutely beautiful.
The people
who lived here before us took very great care of
it.
I don’t think we will ever regret the decision we made.
We use who or that to refer to people.
She is the woman who/that lives here.
We use which or that to refer to animals and things.
That’s the cat which/that lives next door.
Слайд 7He is the person to whom I wrote.
He is
the person I wrote to.
This is the pan in
which I boiled the milk.
This is the pan I boiled the milk in.
WHOSE
She is the woman whose car was stolen.
Слайд 8Adverbial clauses of time
When we visited London we went to
the Tower.
We use conjunctions when, while, till, until, as soon
as, before, after, by the time, as, once, since
When the time clause refers to the future we use the present tense after the conjunction:
As soon as I give him your message I will phone you.
Слайд 9Past reference
Things happening one after another:
When I came back home
my father went away.
Things happening at the same time:
When I
came back home my father was leaving.
When the second action finishes before the first action in the sentence:
When I came back home my father had already left.
Слайд 10Adverbial clauses of place
To say where something happens
we use conjunctions where, wherever
That dog
follows me wherever I go.
Слайд 11Adverbial clauses of manner
Type this again as I showed you
a moment ago.
Use conjunctions:
(in) the way (that)
as if/as though
Type
this again the way I showed you.
I feel as though I am floating in the air.
Слайд 12Adverbial clauses of reason
Adverbial clauses of reason answer the question
why?
Use conjunctions because, since, as, seeing that
Since it’s a public
holiday you won’t find many shops open.
Слайд 13Adverbial clauses of contrast
We introduce contrast with conjunctions
Although,
considering that, though, even though, even if, much as, while,
whereas
Though I have had more than 20 lessons, I am still not ready to take my driving test.
Although I try hard to play the piano I don’t seem to improve.
Слайд 14We can also introduce contrast with
however + adjective/adverb
No matter
I
intend to buy a CD player however much it costs.
I
intend to buy a CD player no matter how much it costs.
Слайд 15Adverbial clauses of purpose
We can express purpose with so that
and in order that
I spent a year in Germany so
that I could learn German.
For + infinitive construction.
Mr Jones bought a second car for his wife to learn to drive.
Слайд 16Adverbial clauses of result
We were so tired that we went
to bed.
He is such a fool that he believes anything.
Слайд 17Adverbial clauses of comparison
He plays the piano as well
as I do.
You didn’t finish the crossword puzzle as
quickly as I did
