Evidence of Evolution

evolution evidences and comment two examples against reliability.
2. Carry

out research and analysis of results and make report on the performed work.

comparative biochemistry, molecular embryology, biogeography, homologous structures, analogous structures, vestigial

structures, paleontology, protein sequence data, variations in heamoglobin molecules, cytochrome c, immunological, mitochondrial DNA, continental drift, Drug-Resistant Bacteria, evolutionary tree, convergent evolution.

of a species over several generations and relies on the

process of natural selection.
The theory of evolution is based on the idea that all species are related and gradually change over time.
Evolution relies on there being genetic variation in a population which affects the physical characteristics (phenotype) of an organism.

environment are more likely to survive, finding food, avoiding predators

and resisting disease. These individuals are more likely to reproduce and pass their genes on to their children.
As a consequence those individuals most suited to their environment survive and, given enough time, the species will gradually evolve.

time within a population.
mutation, selection (natural and artificial), gene flow

and genetic drift.

Macroevolution
refers to the concept of large-scale evolution that occurs at the level of species and above.
reproductive isolation.
can describe differences between that organisms belonging to larger clades of organisms, for example the different taxonomic groups within the primates.

molecular biology,
biogeography

become extinct or have evolved into other species. The fossil

record shows there important facts:
99% of all organisms now extinct.
The radioactive dating and half-life, we know that Earth is about 4,6 billion years ago.
Prokaryotic cells are the oldest fossils and the first organisms to develop on Earth.
Transitional fossils that link older extinct fossils to modern species.

each other and share a common ancestor.
Human and chimpanzees dental

structure.

whale, human arm and etc.
Although the function of each varies,

they all have the same internal bone structure.
Divergent evolution.

Analogous structure
Bat’s wings and a fly’s wings, have same function but not the same underlying structure.
Convergent evolution.

embryonic development because they evolved from a common ancestor.
For examples:

vertebrate embryos go through a stage in which they have gill pouches on the their throats.
Unicellular
Blastula – like medusa
Fish

contain cells that carry out respiration and require ETC, they

also all contain the necessary polypeptide, cytochrome c.
A comparison of the amino acid sequence of cytochrome c among different organisms shows which are most closely related.
Number of amino acid differences in β chain of heamoglobin.

biochemical pathway.
The more closely related organisms are to each other,

the more similar their biochemistry is.
For examples: human and mice are both mammals.
Immunological studies (reaction): serum and antibodyes.

7 continents.
Isolation (most of the workd’s marsupials are isolated in

Australia).
Endemic species –The ring-tailed lemur in Madagascar.
North America and Eurasia floras and faunas similar.