G11.4B – Evolution I Antibiotic Resistance Evidence for change within

Objectives
11.2.6.1 Analyze the evidence for evolution
Success Criteria
1. Name

and describe three examples of evidence of evolution.
2. Explain how to test for antibiotic resistance.
3. Explain results of antibiotic resistance test.

CIE Biology Jones
p402 to 418

Mega Plate Bacterial Resistance (2min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yybsSqcB7mE

Mrs Cooper A level Biology Variation (8 min) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKQXnU1Pgow

Mrs Cooper A level Natural Selection (16 min )
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AtlERbtrIzM

Peppered moth simulation
http://peppermoths.weebly.com/

Bozeman Natural Selection 10 min
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6La6_kIr9g&t=2s

Mechanisms of evolution Website https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_14

Extra help

evolution” Theodosius Dobzhansky wrote these words in 1973, he was

trying to blend the theories of evolution and genetics.

to antibiotics

Ask yourself “What is the…”

Example 1:  Staphylococcus aureus (associated with a

variety of conditions, including skin and lung infections)
Variation:  Antibiotic resistance (some strains have a drug-resistant gene ; other strains do not)
Environmental change:  Exposure to antibiotic (methicillin)
Response:  Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) die, whereas methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) survive and can pass ontheir genes
Evolution:  Over time, the frequency of antibiotic resistance in the population increases (drug-resistant gene can also be transferred by conjugation)
 
Example 2:  Peppered Moth (Biston betularia)
Variation:  Colouration (some moth have a light colour, while others are a darker melanic colour)
Environmental change:  Pollution from industrial activities caused trees to blacken with soot during the Industrial Revolution
Response:  Light coloured moths died from predation, whereas melanic moths were camouflaged and survived to pass on their genes
Evolution:  Over time, the frequency of the melanic form increased (with improved industrial practices, the lighter variant has become more common) 

differentiation cleavage, blastula, gastrulation
Evidence for Evolution
DNA evidence
Chemical Evidence
DNA –amino acid
Structural

Evidence
Homologous, analogous, vestigial

No evidence of a
common ancestor
Co-evolution
Two different species evolve together-mutualism
Examples:

Speciation due to
Behavior, temporal, Reproductive isolation, geographic isolation

Insect and flower

from the remote past.
ammonite
Priscacara liops;
Green River, WY
Mermaid Fossil
Types

of Fossils

structure shows a common ancestor
Common ancestor
Divergent evolution
Human
Dog
Bird
Whale

structurally different (feathers, filaments, tissues..). They come from different ancestors.

Note, the bird and bat share homologous bone structure but not flight function.

Moth Wing

Bird Wing

Pterodactyl wing

Bat wing

Different ancestors
Convergent evolution

size and function due to loss of usefulness in the

course of evolution.

Pelvis and
Femur
In a whale

evolution
Classify the main mechanisms of speciation
Know the factors affecting the

frequency of alleles

study the inheritance of a trait, we study and individual.
-To

study the genetic frequency of alleles, we study a population.
-This study of a population is called the measurement of variability.
-A population with high genetic variability has more evolutionary success, where as a population with low genetic diversity has a low evolutionary success and could quickly reach extinction if there is a change in the environmental condtions.
Classify the main mechanisms of speciation
Know the factors affecting the frequency of alleles

can mate to reproduce fertile offspring.
Barn Owls
Geese
Swans
Turtle Doves
Sea Horses
All examples

show are species that have the same mate for life.

offspring

Birds
Cats

one time

and evolution

how it leads to adaptations, and to how it leads

to changes in allelic frequency and finally speciation. Hardy Weinburg introduced

What is natural selection?
What is variation?
How does variation lead to adaptations?
How does it lead to variation in allelic frequency.

causes species to change.

These are the basic steps
1.

Overproduction of
offspring.
2. Competition for limited
resources.
3. Survival and
reproduction OR death.

What is natural selection?

Natural Selection – Darwin 3 min https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BcpB_986wyk

and are better adapted ot their environment survive and reproduce

more successfully than less well adapted individuals.

Light Form
of a Peppered Moth

Dark Form
of a Peppered Moth

Aa, aa

aa

in community.
Tree frog diversity within the species Philautus found in

Western Ghats, India

- gene pool is large due to the

endless variety of mate – mate combinations

evolutionary effects
-more alleles in a population
-more chance for evolutionary change
-less chance of extinction

chance of survival and reproduction in its particular environment

fit

leaves
seeds
Buds/fruits
Grub worms
uses tool to get insects
insects
Evolution
of many
branches
of
organisms from a

single ancestor

to adaptations?
-What is survival of the fittest? Give some examples.
-What

are the properties of Natural Selection?
How does it influence variation?
How does it influence allelic frequency
-What are the links between genetic variability and evolution?
-What are the types of speciation?

mate to reproduce fertile offspring.
Barn Owls
Geese
Swans
Turtle Doves
Sea Horses
All examples show

are species that have the same mate for life.

plants of different breeds, varieties, or species.
Usually infertile, sterile.

- behavior or temporal changes
Species B
Species C
Species A

Specific Change over

time

result of natural selection; the new species can no longer

interbreed producting fertile offspring.
Examples
-geographical isolation -mating behavior -breeding habits -changes in food sources

Maltose Food

Starch Food

Many generations pass

periods of time
Punctuated
Equilibrium
Sudden changes in a population that happen

rapidly followed by long periods of no change

Common Ancestor

of alleles?
1. Mutation
2. Migration
3. Genetic drift
4. Non-random mating
5. Selection

and survival of the fittest. (2 groups)
-disruptive selection
-stabilizing selection
-directional selection

Clear use of terminology
Mechanism explained in your own words
Example

of the factor
Picture of the factor

in individuals which can be passed to their offspring. Over

time mutations can change a population

green colored alleles
the physical flow (movement) of alleles into or

out of a population

immigration-flow of alleles into a population (added)
emigration- flow of alleles out of a population (lost)

traits that allow for more successful traits.

pool is small due to these organisms producing more offspring

with only their genes
evolutionary effects
-less alleles in a population gene pool
-less chance for evolutionary change
-more chance of extinction

population depending on which phenotype is favorable.
These are the

three types of SELECTION.

capable of breeding but have different courtship rituals
Common Ancestor

Mountains, Lakes, Oceans, Rivers, Deserts…over time speciation will occur.
Geographic Isolation
Kaibab

squirrel has a black belly and lives on the North Rim.

Abert squirrel has a light colored belly and lives on the South Rim

Grand Canyon, Arizona

Common Ancestor

different times of day or night.
Dural = day
Nocturnal =

night

Common Ancestor

physiological

Examples
Attractive coloring of fur, feathers, scents, mating calls, or

rituals.

can no longer interbreed to produce successful offspring
Examples

Geographic barriers Change in Anatomy or physiology
Behavior- bird mating calls are different
Temporal- mating times have changed seasons, or day to night

natural selection this is the
intentional breeding or organisms for

certain favorable traits, or ombination of traits.

Broccoli: Flower development is suppressed

Cauliflower: flowers are sterile

Cabbage: selection for the terminal bud (head only forms)

Kale: selection is for leaves only

Undomesticated
banana-lots of seeds compared
to artificially
selected with little to no seeds