Разделы презентаций

How to Use This Presentation

Содержание

Chapter PresentationTransparenciesStandardized Test PrepVisual ConceptsResources

Слайды и текст этой презентации

Слайд 1 To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects


select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide

Show.”
To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar.

From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource.

From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation.

You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key.

How to Use This Presentation

To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and

Слайд 2Chapter Presentation
Transparencies
Standardized Test Prep
Visual Concepts
Resources

Chapter PresentationTransparenciesStandardized Test PrepVisual ConceptsResources

Слайд 3The Theory of Evolution
Chapter 13
Table of Contents
Section 1 The Theory

of Evolution by Natural Selection

Section 2 Evidence of Evolution

Section 3

Examples of Evolution

The Theory of EvolutionChapter 13Table of ContentsSection 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural SelectionSection 2 Evidence

Слайд 4Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Objectives
Identify several

observations that led Darwin to conclude that species evolve.

Relate the

process of natural selection to its outcome.

Summarize the main points of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection as it is stated today.

Contrast the gradualism and punctuated equilibrium models of evolution.

Chapter 13

Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural SelectionObjectivesIdentify several observations that led Darwin to conclude that

Слайд 5Darwin Proposed a Mechanism for Evolution
In 1859, the English naturalist

Charles Darwin published convincing evidence that species evolve, and he

proposed a reasonable mechanism explaining how evolution occurs.

Like all scientific theories, the theory of evolution has developed through decades of scientific observation and experimentation.

The observations that Darwin made on a voyage of the HMS Beagle led to his ideas about evolution.

Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Chapter 13

Darwin Proposed a Mechanism for EvolutionIn 1859, the English naturalist Charles Darwin published convincing evidence that species

Слайд 6Darwin’s Voyage
Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Chapter

Darwin’s VoyageSection 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural SelectionChapter 13

Слайд 7Darwin Proposed a Mechanism for Evolution, continued
Science Before Darwin’s Voyage

In

Darwin’s time, most people—including scientists—held the view that each species

is a divine creation that exists, unchanging, as it was originally created.

In 1809, the French scientist Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) proposed a hypothesis for how organisms change over generations.

Lamarck believed that over the lifetime of an individual, physical features increase in size because of use or reduce in size because of disuse.

Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Chapter 13

Darwin Proposed a Mechanism for Evolution, continuedScience Before Darwin’s VoyageIn Darwin’s time, most people—including scientists—held the view

Слайд 8Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by

Natural Selection
Chapter 13

Lamarck’s Theory of EvolutionSection 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural SelectionChapter 13

Слайд 9Darwin Proposed a Mechanism for Evolution, continued
Darwin’s Observations

During his voyage

on the Beagle, Darwin found evidence that challenged the traditional

belief that species are unchanging.

Darwin visited the Galápagos Islands, located about 1,000 km (620 mi) off the coast of Ecuador. Darwin was struck by the fact that many of the plants and animals of the Galápagos Islands resembled those of the nearby coast of South America.

Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Chapter 13

Darwin Proposed a Mechanism for Evolution, continuedDarwin’s ObservationsDuring his voyage on the Beagle, Darwin found evidence that

Слайд 10Darwin’s Finches
Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Chapter

Darwin’s FinchesSection 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural SelectionChapter 13

Слайд 11Darwin Proposed a Mechanism for Evolution, continued
Growth of Populations

The key

that unlocked Darwin’s thinking about how evolution takes place was

an essay written in 1798 by the English economist Thomas Malthus.

Malthus suggested that human populations do not grow unchecked because death caused by disease, war, and famine slows population growth.

In the study of biology, a population consists of all the individuals of a species that live in a specific geographical area and that can interbreed.

Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Chapter 13

Darwin Proposed a Mechanism for Evolution, continuedGrowth of PopulationsThe key that unlocked Darwin’s thinking about how evolution

Слайд 12Population
Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Chapter 13

PopulationSection 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural SelectionChapter 13

Слайд 13Darwin Proposed a Mechanism for Evolution, continued
Growth of Populations
The blue

graph line shows uncontrolled population growth, in which the numbers

increase by a multiplied constant. The red graph line shows increased food supply, in which the numbers increase by an added constant.

Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Chapter 13

Darwin Proposed a Mechanism for Evolution, continuedGrowth of PopulationsThe blue graph line shows uncontrolled population growth, in

Слайд 14Evolution by Natural Selection
Individuals that have physical or behavioral traits

that are better adapted to their environment are more likely

to survive and will reproduce more successfully than those that do not have such traits.

Darwin called this differential rate of reproduction natural selection.

An adaptation is a feature that has become common in a population because the feature provides a selective advantage.

Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Chapter 13

Evolution by Natural SelectionIndividuals that have physical or behavioral traits that are better adapted to their environment

Слайд 15Natural Selection
Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Chapter

Natural SelectionSection 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural SelectionChapter 13

Слайд 16Adaptation
Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Chapter 13

AdaptationSection 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural SelectionChapter 13

Слайд 17Evolution by Natural Selection, continued
In 1844, Darwin finally wrote down

his ideas about evolution and natural selection in an early

outline that he showed to only a few scientists he knew and trusted.

Darwin decided to publish after he received a letter and essay in June 1858 from the young English naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913), who was in Malaysia at the time. Wallace’s essay described a hypothesis of evolution by natural selection.

Darwin’s friends arranged for a summary of Darwin’s manuscript to be presented with Wallace’s paper at a public scientific meeting.

Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Chapter 13

Evolution by Natural Selection, continuedIn 1844, Darwin finally wrote down his ideas about evolution and natural selection

Слайд 18Evolution by Natural Selection, continued
Darwin’s Theory

Darwin’s theory of evolution by

natural selection is supported by four major points:

1. Variation exists

within the genes of every population or species.

2. In a particular environment, some individuals of a population or species are better suited to survive and have more offspring.

3. Over time, the traits that make certain individuals of a population able to survive and reproduce tend to spread in that population.

Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Chapter 13

4. There is overwhelming evidence from fossils and many other sources that living species evolved from organisms that are extinct.

Evolution by Natural Selection, continuedDarwin’s TheoryDarwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection is supported by four major

Слайд 19Darwin’s Theories
Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Chapter

Darwin’s TheoriesSection 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural SelectionChapter 13

Слайд 20Darwin’s Ideas Updated
Change Within Populations

Darwin’s key inference was based on

the idea that in any population, individuals that are best

suited to survive and do well in their environment will produce the most offspring.

Scientists now know that genes are responsible for inherited traits.

Therefore, certain forms of a trait become more common in a population because more individuals in the population carry the alleles for those forms.

Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Chapter 13

Darwin’s Ideas UpdatedChange Within PopulationsDarwin’s key inference was based on the idea that in any population, individuals

Слайд 21Darwin’s Ideas Updated
Species Formation

Populations of the same species living in

different locations tend to evolve in different directions.

Reproductive isolation is

the condition in which two populations of the same species do not breed with one another because of their geographic separation.

As two isolated populations of the same species become more different over time, they may eventually become unable to breed with one another.

Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Chapter 13

Darwin’s Ideas UpdatedSpecies FormationPopulations of the same species living in different locations tend to evolve in different

Слайд 22Reproductive Isolation
Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Chapter

Reproductive IsolationSection 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural SelectionChapter 13

Слайд 23Geographic Isolation
Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Chapter

Geographic IsolationSection 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural SelectionChapter 13

Слайд 24Darwin’s Ideas Updated
The Tempo of Evolution

For decades, most biologists have

understood evolution as a gradual process that occurs continuously.

The model

of evolution in which gradual change over a long period of time leads to species formation is called gradualism.

Another model of evolution, in which periods of rapid change in species are separated by periods of little or no change, is called punctuated equilibrium.

Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Chapter 13

Darwin’s Ideas UpdatedThe Tempo of EvolutionFor decades, most biologists have understood evolution as a gradual process that

Слайд 25Gradualism
Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Chapter 13

GradualismSection 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural SelectionChapter 13

Слайд 26Comparing Punctuated Equilibrium and Gradualism
Section 1 The Theory of Evolution

by Natural Selection
Chapter 13

Comparing Punctuated Equilibrium and GradualismSection 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural SelectionChapter 13

Слайд 27Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Objectives
Describe how the fossil record supports

evolution.

Summarize how biological molecules such as proteins and DNA are

used as evidence of evolution.

Infer how comparing the anatomy and development of living species provides evidence of evolution.

Chapter 13

Section 2 Evidence of EvolutionObjectivesDescribe how the fossil record supports evolution.Summarize how biological molecules such as proteins

Слайд 28The Fossil Record
Fossils provide an actual record of Earth’s past

life-forms give evidence that:

1. Earth is about 4.5 billion years

old.

2. Organisms have inhabited Earth for most of its history.

3. All organisms living today share common ancestry with earlier, simpler life-forms.

Section 2 Evidence of Evolution

Chapter 13

The Fossil RecordFossils provide an actual record of Earth’s past life-forms give evidence that: 1. Earth is about

Слайд 29The Fossil Record
Formation of Fossils

The fossil record, and thus the

record of the evolution of life, is not complete.

Paleontologists, scientists

who study fossils, can determine the age of fossils fairly accurately by using radiometric dating.

Radiometric dating the sediments in which a fossil is found enables paleontologists to arrange fossils in sequence from oldest to youngest.

Section 2 Evidence of Evolution

Chapter 13

The Fossil RecordFormation of FossilsThe fossil record, and thus the record of the evolution of life, is

Слайд 30Evidence of Whale Evolution
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 13

Evidence of Whale EvolutionSection 2 Evidence of EvolutionChapter 13

Слайд 31Evolutionary Relationship Between Whales and Hoofed Mammals
Section 2 Evidence of

Evolution
Chapter 13

Evolutionary Relationship Between Whales and Hoofed MammalsSection 2 Evidence of EvolutionChapter 13

Слайд 32Anatomy and Development
Comparisons of the anatomy of different types of

organisms often reveal basic similarities in body structures even though

the structure’s functions may differ between organisms.

Sometimes bones are present in an organism but are reduced in size and either have no use or have a less important function than they do in other, related organisms. Such structures are called vestigial structures.

Homologous structures are structures that share a common ancestry.

Section 2 Evidence of Evolution

Chapter 13

Anatomy and DevelopmentComparisons of the anatomy of different types of organisms often reveal basic similarities in body

Слайд 33Vestigial Features
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 13

Vestigial FeaturesSection 2 Evidence of EvolutionChapter 13

Слайд 34Forelimbs of Vertebrates
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 13

Forelimbs of VertebratesSection 2 Evidence of EvolutionChapter 13

Слайд 35Homologous Features
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 13

Homologous FeaturesSection 2 Evidence of EvolutionChapter 13

Слайд 36Anatomy and Development, continued
The evolutionary history of organisms is also

seen in the development of embryos.

At some time in their

development, all vertebrate embryos have a tail, buds that become limbs, and pharyngeal pouches.

The tail remains in most adult vertebrates. Only adult fish and immature amphibians retain pharyngeal pouches (which contain their gills).

Section 2 Evidence of Evolution

Chapter 13

Anatomy and Development, continuedThe evolutionary history of organisms is also seen in the development of embryos.At some

Слайд 37Comparing Vertebrate Embryo Development
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 13

Comparing Vertebrate Embryo DevelopmentSection 2 Evidence of EvolutionChapter 13

Слайд 38Similarities in Embryology
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 13

Similarities in EmbryologySection 2 Evidence of EvolutionChapter 13

Слайд 39Biological Molecules
Proteins

As species evolved, one change after another should have

become part of their genetic instructions. Therefore, more and more

changes in a gene’s nucleotide sequence should build up over time.

If evolution has taken place, then species descended from a recent common ancestor should have fewer amino acid differences between their proteins than do species that shared a common ancestor in the distant past.

In fact, species that share a common ancestor more recently have few amino acid sequence differences.

Section 2 Evidence of Evolution

Chapter 13

Biological MoleculesProteinsAs species evolved, one change after another should have become part of their genetic instructions. Therefore,

Слайд 40Hemoglobin Comparison
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 13

Hemoglobin ComparisonSection 2 Evidence of EvolutionChapter 13

Слайд 41Biological Molecules, continued
DNA Sequences

Scientists evaluate the number of nucleotide changes

that have taken place in a gene since two species

diverged from a common ancestor by comparing the nucleotide sequence of genes.

Using the data obtained from proteins and nucleotides, scientists generate hypotheses about how organisms are related through evolution.

The hypotheses, based on molecular data, tend to reflect the relationships indicated by the fossil record.

Section 2 Evidence of Evolution

Chapter 13

Biological Molecules, continuedDNA SequencesScientists evaluate the number of nucleotide changes that have taken place in a gene

Слайд 42Similarities in Macromolecules
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 13

Similarities in MacromoleculesSection 2 Evidence of EvolutionChapter 13

Слайд 43Section 3 Examples of Evolution
Objectives
Identify four elements in the process

of natural selection.

Describe how natural selection has affected the bacteria

that cause tuberculosis.

Relate natural selection to the beak size of finches.

Summarize the process of species formation.

Chapter 13

Section 3 Examples of EvolutionObjectivesIdentify four elements in the process of natural selection.Describe how natural selection has

Слайд 44Natural Selection at Work
Factors in Natural Selection

The process of natural

selection is driven by four important points that are true

for all real populations:

1. All populations have genetic variation.

2. The environment presents challenges to successful reproduction.

3. Individuals tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support.

4. Individuals that are better able to cope with the challenges presented by their environment tend to leave more offspring than those individuals less suited to the environment do.

Section 3 Examples of Evolution

Chapter 13

Natural Selection at WorkFactors in Natural SelectionThe process of natural selection is driven by four important points

Слайд 45Natural Selection
Section 3 Examples of Evolution
Chapter 13

Natural SelectionSection 3 Examples of EvolutionChapter 13

Слайд 46Natural Selection at Work, continued
Example of Natural Selection

The lung disease

tuberculosis (TB) is usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

In

the 1950s, two effective antibiotics, isoniazid and rifampin, became available to treat TB.

In the late 1980s, however, new strains of M. tuberculosis that are largely or completely resistant to isoniazid and rifampin appeared.

Section 3 Examples of Evolution

Chapter 13

Natural Selection at Work, continuedExample of Natural SelectionThe lung disease tuberculosis (TB) is usually caused by the

Слайд 47Natural Selection at Work, continued
Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

Rifampin acts by

binding to M. tuberculosis RNA polymerase, preventing transcription and so

killing the bacterial cell.

The mutation in the polymerase’s rpoB gene prevents rifampin from binding to the polymerase.

TB bacteria with the mutation were able to survive treatment with the antibiotic, so natural selection led to the evolution of rifampin resistance in M. tuberculosis.

Section 3 Examples of Evolution

Chapter 13

Natural Selection at Work, continuedEvolution of Antibiotic ResistanceRifampin acts by binding to M. tuberculosis RNA polymerase, preventing

Слайд 48Natural Selection at Work, continued
Evolution in Darwin’s Finches

Darwin collected 31

specimens of finches from three islands when he visited the

Galápagos Islands.

Darwin suggested that the nine species of Galápagos finches evolved from an original ancestral species.

Changes occurred as different populations accumulated adaptations to different food sources.

Section 3 Examples of Evolution

Chapter 13

Natural Selection at Work, continuedEvolution in Darwin’s FinchesDarwin collected 31 specimens of finches from three islands when

Слайд 49Natural Selection at Work, continued
Evolution in Darwin’s Finches

A study of

the finches was carried out over 25 years beginning in

1973 by Peter and Rosemary Grant of Princeton University.

The Grants measured the beaks of many birds every year.

The numbers of birds with different beak shapes are changed by natural selection in response to the available food supply, just as Darwin had suggested.

Section 3 Examples of Evolution

Chapter 13

Natural Selection at Work, continuedEvolution in Darwin’s FinchesA study of the finches was carried out over 25

Слайд 50Formation of New Species
Species formation occurs in stages.

The accumulation of

differences between groups is called divergence.

Biologists call the process by

which new species form speciation.

Section 3 Examples of Evolution

Chapter 13

Formation of New SpeciesSpecies formation occurs in stages.The accumulation of differences between groups is called divergence.Biologists call

Слайд 51Comparing Convergent and Divergent Evolution
Section 3 Examples of Evolution
Chapter 13

Comparing Convergent and Divergent EvolutionSection 3 Examples of EvolutionChapter 13

Слайд 52Formation of New Species, continued
Forming Subspecies

Separate populations of a single

species often live in several different kinds of environments.

Over time,

populations of the same species that differ genetically because of adaptations to different living conditions become what biologists call subspecies.

The members of newly formed subspecies have taken the first step toward speciation.

Section 3 Examples of Evolution

Chapter 13

Formation of New Species, continuedForming SubspeciesSeparate populations of a single species often live in several different kinds

Слайд 53Multiple Choice
Use the figure below to answer questions 1–3.
Standardized

Test Prep
Chapter 13

Multiple ChoiceUse the figure below to answer questions 1–3. Standardized Test PrepChapter 13

Слайд 54Multiple Choice, continued
1. The diagram implies that warbler finches and armadillos

A. are

unrelated
B. share a recent common ancestor.
C. share a remote common ancestor.
D. did not

evolve from older forms of life.

Standardized Test Prep

Chapter 13

Multiple Choice, continued1. The diagram implies that warbler finches and armadillos A. are unrelated B. share a recent common ancestor. C. share a remote

Слайд 55Multiple Choice, continued
1. The diagram implies that warbler finches and armadillos

A. are

unrelated
B. share a recent common ancestor.
C. share a remote common ancestor.
D. did not

evolve from older forms of life.

Standardized Test Prep

Chapter 13

Multiple Choice, continued1. The diagram implies that warbler finches and armadillos A. are unrelated B. share a recent common ancestor. C. share a remote

Слайд 56Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which organism has DNA that is probably most

similar to the glyptodont’s DNA?

F. woodpecker finch
G. warbler finch
H. finch-like bird
J. armadillo
Standardized Test Prep
Chapter

13
Multiple Choice, continued2. Which organism has DNA that is probably most similar to the glyptodont’s DNA? F. woodpecker finch G. warbler finch H. finch-like

Слайд 57Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which organism has DNA that is probably most

similar to the glyptodont’s DNA?

F. woodpecker finch
G. warbler finch
H. finch-like bird
J. armadillo
Standardized Test Prep
Chapter

13
Multiple Choice, continued2. Which organism has DNA that is probably most similar to the glyptodont’s DNA? F. woodpecker finch G. warbler finch H. finch-like

Слайд 58Multiple Choice, continued
3. Because the woodpecker finch and the warbler

finch are different species, they probably

A. cannot interbreed.
B. lack homologous structures.
C. develop from

very different embryos.
D. are more similar to glyptodonts than to each other.

Standardized Test Prep

Chapter 13

Multiple Choice, continued3. Because the woodpecker finch and the warbler finch are different species, they probably A. cannot interbreed. B. lack

Слайд 59Multiple Choice, continued
3. Because the woodpecker finch and the warbler

finch are different species, they probably

A. cannot interbreed.
B. lack homologous structures.
C. develop from

very different embryos.
D. are more similar to glyptodonts than to each other.

Standardized Test Prep

Chapter 13

Multiple Choice, continued3. Because the woodpecker finch and the warbler finch are different species, they probably A. cannot interbreed. B. lack

Похожие презентации

Факультет ВСО 2009/2010 учебный год Факультет ВСО 2009/2010 учебный год 282
День семьи День семьи 228
15 популярных вопросов с IT -собеседований по языку С++ 15 популярных вопросов с IT -собеседований по языку С++ 246
Общие принципы строения человеческого организма Общие принципы строения человеческого организма 570
6.Эф-т Доплера.ppt 6.Эф-т Доплера.ppt 228
1. Для чего газ делают специально пахучим? А. для обнаружения при утечке Б. для 1. Для чего газ делают специально пахучим? А. для обнаружения при утечке Б. для 294
Дагиров Умар Древний Египет Anton Gutsunaev Африка На северо-востоке Африки в Дагиров Умар Древний Египет Anton Gutsunaev Африка На северо-востоке Африки в 254
М арат Оспанов атындағы Батыс Қазақстан Мемлекеттік Медицина Университеті М арат Оспанов атындағы Батыс Қазақстан Мемлекеттік Медицина Университеті 329
Трансформация подходов в теории инновационного менеджмента организации (лекция) Трансформация подходов в теории инновационного менеджмента организации (лекция) 363
Презентация к интеллектуальной игре Презентация к интеллектуальной игре "Умники и умницы." 4 класс 304
Техника прыжка в длину способом согнув ноги Техника прыжка в длину способом согнув ноги 201
Традиционные способы получения фотоизображения Традиционные способы получения фотоизображения 241
Гендерная культура семьи Гендерная культура семьи 403
Гражданство РФ Гражданство РФ 243
Формулы к ОК - 16 Формулы к ОК - 16 234
Стили воспитания Стили воспитания 265
Выполнил: студент 3 курса ФНО группы 35 ПСА Ребров Илья Выполнил: студент 3 курса ФНО группы 35 ПСА Ребров Илья 276
Пупочные свищи у детей Пупочные свищи у детей 361
COMPANY OF DREAMS COMPANY OF DREAMS 246
Общая геохимия Общая геохимия 264

Обратная связь

Если не удалось найти и скачать доклад-презентацию, Вы можете заказать его на нашем сайте. Мы постараемся найти нужный Вам материал и отправим по электронной почте. Не стесняйтесь обращаться к нам, если у вас возникли вопросы или пожелания:

Email: Нажмите что бы посмотреть 

Что такое TheSlide.ru?

Это сайт презентации, докладов, проектов в PowerPoint. Здесь удобно  хранить и делиться своими презентациями с другими пользователями.

Для правообладателей

Яндекс.Метрика