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Human Anatomy, First Edition McKinley & O'Loughlin
Содержание
- 1. Human Anatomy, First Edition McKinley & O'Loughlin
- 2. 15-Brain and Cranial NervesAn adult brain weighs
- 3. 15-The Brain’s 4 Major RegionsCerebrum, the diencephalon,
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- 12. 15-Organization of Brain Tissue Gray matter houses
- 13. 15-Organization of Brain Tissue White matter lies
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- 16. 15-Support and Protection of the Brain The
- 17. 15-Cranial MeningesThree dense regular connective tissue layers
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- 19. 15-Dura MaterTough membrane composed of two fibrous
- 20. 15-Arachnoid Also called the arachnoid mater or
- 21. 15-Pia MaterThe innermost of the cranial meninges.
- 22. 15-Cranial Dural SeptaThe meningeal layer of the
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- 25. 15-Brain Ventricles Cavities or expansions within the
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- 28. 15-Cerebrospinal FluidA clear, colorless liquid that circulates
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- 31. 15-Blood-Brain Barrier Nervous tissue is protected from
- 32. 15-Blood-Brain BarrierTight junctions prevent materials from diffusing
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15-Brain and Cranial NervesAn adult brain weighs between 1.35 and 1.4 kilograms (kg) (around 3 pounds) and has a volume of about 1200 cubic centimeters (cc). Brain size is not directly
Слайды и текст этой презентации
Слайд 1Human Anatomy, First Edition
McKinley & O'Loughlin
Chapter 15 Lecture Outline:
Brain and Cranial Nerves
Слайд 215-
Brain and Cranial Nerves
An adult brain weighs between 1.35 and
1.4 kilograms (kg) (around 3 pounds) and has a volume
of about 1200 cubic centimeters (cc).Brain size is not directly correlated with intelligence
It is not the physical size of the brain that determines intelligence—it is the number of active synapses.
Слайд 315-
The Brain’s 4 Major Regions
Cerebrum, the diencephalon, the brainstem, and
the cerebellum.
The cerebrum is divided into two halves, called
the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Each hemisphere is subdivided into five functional areas called lobes.
Outer surface of an adult brain exhibits folds called gyri (gyrus) and shallow depressions between those folds called sulci (sulcus).
The brain is associated with 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
Слайд 1215-
Organization of Brain Tissue
Gray matter houses motor neuron and
interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, and unmyelinated axons.
White
matter is composed primarily of myelinated axons. During brain development, an outer, superficial region of gray matter forms from migrating peripheral neurons.
External sheets of gray matter, called the cortex, cover the surface of most of the adult brain (the cerebrum and the cerebellum).
Слайд 1315-
Organization of Brain Tissue
White matter lies deep to the
gray matter of the cortex.
Within the masses of white
matter, the brain also contains discrete innermost clusters of gray matter called cerebral nuclei, which are oval, spherical, or sometimes irregularly shaped clusters of neuron cell bodies. 
Слайд 1615-
Support and Protection of the Brain
The brain is protected
and isolated by multiple structures.
The bony cranium provides rigid support.
Protective connective tissue membranes called meninges surround and partition portions of the brain.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acts as a cushioning fluid.
The brain has a blood-brain barrier to prevent entry of harmful materials from the bloodstream.
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Cranial Meninges
Three dense regular connective tissue layers that separate the
soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the
cranium.Enclose and protect blood vessels that supply the brain.
Contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
Parts of the cranial meninges form some of the veins that drain blood from the brain.
From superficial to deep, the cranial meninges are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater.
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Dura Mater
Tough membrane composed of two fibrous layers.
Strongest of
the meninges.
Dura mater is composed of two layers.
periosteal layer,
the more superficial layer, attaches to the periosteum of the cranial bonesmeningeal layer lies deep to the periosteal layer
The meningeal layer is usually fused to the periosteal layer, except in specific areas where the two layers separate to form large, blood-filled spaces called dural venous sinuses.
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Arachnoid
Also called the arachnoid mater or the arachnoid membrane.
Lies immediately internal to the dura mater.
Partially composed of a
delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers, termed the arachnoid trabeculae.Between the arachnoid and the overlying dura mater is the subdural space.
Immediately deep to the arachnoid is the subarachnoid space.
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Pia Mater
The innermost of the cranial meninges.
Thin layer of
delicate connective tissue that tightly adheres to the brain and
follows every contour of the brain surface.
Слайд 2215-
Cranial Dural Septa
The meningeal layer of the dura mater extends
as flat partitions (septa) deep into the cranial cavity at
four locations called cranial dural septa.Membranous partitions separate specific parts of the brain and provide additional stabilization and support to the entire brain.
falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebelli
diaphragma sellae
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Brain Ventricles
Cavities or expansions within the brain that are
derived from the lumen (opening) of the embryonic neural tube.
Continuous with one another as well as with the central canal of the spinal cord.
Four ventricles in the brain.
two lateral ventricles are in the cerebrum, separated by a thin medial partition called the septum pellucidum
within the diencephalon is a smaller ventricle called the third ventricle
each lateral ventricle communicates with the third ventricle through an opening called the interventricular foramen
The fourth ventricle is located within the pons and cerebellum.
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Cerebrospinal Fluid
A clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles
and subarachnoid space.
Bathes the exposed surfaces of the central nervous
system and completely surrounds it. Performs several important functions.
buoyancy
protection
environmental stability
Formed by the choroid plexus in each ventricle.
Produced by secretion of a fluid from the ependymal cells that originate from the blood plasma.
Is similar to blood plasma.
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Blood-Brain Barrier
Nervous tissue is protected from the general circulation
by the blood-brain barrier.
Strictly regulates what substances can enter
the interstitial fluid of the brain.Prevents exposure of neurons in the brain to drugs, waste products in the blood, and variations in levels of normal substances (ions, hormones) that could adversely affect brain function.
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Blood-Brain Barrier
Tight junctions prevent materials from diffusing across the capillary
wall.
Astrocytes act as “gatekeepers” that permit materials to pass to
the neurons after leaving the capillaries.Is markedly reduced or missing in three distinct locations in the CNS: the choroid plexus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland.
