HYGIENE OF WORK

of hygiene, investigating influence of work process, professional harmful factors

on organism of working and prevention professional (occupational) diseases

Hygiene of work with harmful physical professional factors - (noise,

vibration, electromagnetic fields)
- Radiation hygiene
- Hygiene of work with industrial poisons - industrial toxicology
- Hygiene of work in agriculture with agro-chemicals - agricultural toxicology
- Hygiene of work in conditions of dust pollution of air - prevention professional dust pathology (phneumoconiosis)

There is also division on industries (chemical, mining, metallurgical, building etc.) and in agriculture.

– it is factors, influencing on working people and capable

to cause violations of health - occupational diseases.

Occupational diseases – it is such diseases, for which it is proved aetyologic and pathogenic role of professional harmful factors.
Doctors, learning and treating occupational diseases, named professional pathologists.

cause acute violation of health (acute occupational disease) or death

of the person

The Harmful professional factor - can cause chronic violation of health - chronic occupational disease

organization of work, the lacks of workplace and the equipment

2. Physical professional factors

3. Chemical professional factors (industrial poisons)
      
4. Biological professional factors (microbes, allergens)

5. Industrial traumatism (mechanical, thermal, electric trauma).

must put any doctor of any medical establishment
2. He must

write Emergency notice about acute professional disease (poisoning) and send to department of hygiene of work of SES
3. Doctors of SES after receiving this notice during 24 hours must go to enterprise to investigate conditions of work (presence harmful factor at a level, more, than MPC)

the special department of professional pathology (in Kiev, Charkov)
2.    List

of such patients this department send to SES
3.    Doctors of SES during 7 days must go to enterprise to investigate conditions of work (presence harmful factor at a level, more, than MPC)

Final diagnosis of chronic professional disease can be put only after conclusion of SES.

examinations - for again acting for work with harmful and

dangerous working conditions with the purpose:

а) To admit to work only those which state of health completely meets the requirements of a given trade,

b) To not admit to work the persons having deviations in health which can amplify under influence of working conditions, and also those who can be a source of infectious or parasitic illnesses.

or dangerous conditions. Periodicity of them is determined by the

order № 45.

Tasks of these physical examinations:
а) To reveal early attributes of occupational diseases
b) To reveal the general diseases interfering the further work
c) To appoint individual treatment and prophylactic actions.

disease for which it is proved connection with action professional

factors.

In the order № 45 it is given
Names of occupational diseases - 27 diagnoses (pneumoconiosis, noise, vibrating illness etc., sharp and chronic poisonings)

Public Health of Ukraine № 45, which contain:

1) The list

of manufactures and trades for which preliminary and periodic physical examinations working are obligatory
2) The order of realization such surveys, structure medical commission for surveys
3) The list of medical contra-indications for reception at various kinds of manufactures
4) The list of diagnoses of occupational diseases and poisonings

FACTOR OF ENVIRONMENT
 
NOISE – it is inordinate sound

oscillations with frequency, heard by the man (20 - 20000 Hz), acting at the man in work time, rest or dream.

FREQUENCY:
- low-frequency - up to 400 Hz
- middle

- 400 - 1000 Hz
- high-frequency - more than 1000 Hz
 
BY DURATION IN TIME:
- stable - fluctuations level of noise no more than 5 dB
- unstable - fluctuations level of noise more than 5 dB
- impulsive - intermittent

pressure (10-6 atmospheric pressure)
 
BELL - logarithmic unity between limit of

perception of sound (0 Bell) and pain limit (14 Bell):
Level of noise
BELL = lg -------------------------------------------
Limit of perception of sound
 
DeciBELL (dB) – 1/10 part of BELL (range of hearing noise 0 – 140 dB)
 
FON - unit level of sound at 1 dB at frequency 1000 Hz
 
SON - comparative unit of level of different by frequency sounds

definition acuteness of audition)
 
1.                        NOISE (ACOUSTICAL) ADAPTATION –
 
decrease acuteness

of audition on 10 - 15 dB during 1-3 minutes – it is physiological phenomenon
 
2.                        NOISE (ACOUSTICAL) FATIGUE –
 
decrease acuteness of audition on 20 - 30 dB during hours or days after cancellation of noise
 
3.                        PROGRESSING DEAFNESS –
 
gradual complete loss of hearing because organic changes at the center of audition in CNS

measures (laws on preservation work)
2. Architectural – planning measures
3. Hygienic

measures - preventive and current sanitary control levels of noise in cities, inhabited premises
4. Medical-preventive measures
5. Technological measures
6. Individual means of protection (headphones etc.)

* - for high-frequency noise

oscillations of the elastic bodies with frequency more than 1

Hertz (1 oscillation in 1 sec.)
 
CLASSIFICATION VIBRATION:

GENERAL
LOCAL

ON FREQUENCY:
Low-frequency
Middle-frequency
High-frequency
 
ON DIRECTION:
Horizontal
Vertical

and parestesia of extremities
2. Expressed parastesia, decrease sensitivity of a

skin
3. Vascular and trophic violations of dactyls, changes of CNS
4. Generalized sharp vascular violations, vessel spasms of heart and CNS

angiodystonic syndrome, sensory polyneuropathia dactyls of hand
2. Expressed angiospastic syndrome

dactyls of hand
3. Expressed generalized angiospastic syndrome, dystrophic changes of bones, muscles of arms, deformation joints of dactyls of hand

and magnetic fields (MF)
 

NATURAL EMF:
 
1) MF of the Earth - 400 Аmper / meter - depends on geographical position, season and day, solar activity ("magnetic storms")

2) EF of the Earth - 130 Volt / meter at surface of the Earth, is reduced with height

Stationary Magnetic Field (SMF)
3) EMF industrial frequency - 50

Hz
4) Infrared, visual, UV, laser radiation
5) EMF radio frequencies.

lengh of wave

sources, application

Low-frequency 1-10 kms broadcasting, radio
Middle 100м - 1 km - " -
High 1 - 100 m - " -

Ultra-High 10 cms - 1 m radio, TV, medicine

Super high frequencies
(MICROWAVE) 1 - 10 cm radiolocation, television
MICROWAVE OVEN
Hyper-high frequencies
(HHF) 1 mm - 1 cm industry

- Frequency (than above, the more strongly effect)
- Intensity
- Exposure

time
- Character of irradiating (continuous, modulated)
- Regimen of irradiating (constant, intermittent, periodic)

radiation intensity)
 
2. NOT THERMAL EFFECT (small levels of action)

– formation oxide and non-oxide radicals and other biologically active products

- Diencephalic syndrome
- Damage systems: cardiac, hemopoiesis, immune, endocrine

etc.
At chronic action the cumulation harmful effects EMF is possible.

form
2) Mild, medium and serious degree
 
MICROWAVE - SYNDROME:
 
1)

Violations of CNS
 
2) Turbidy crystalline lens (cataract)
 
3) Damage hair follicules (baldness)
 
Besides: changes cardiac system, violations of blood-forming, dysfunctions of immune, endocrine systems, remote effects.

especial MICROWAVE EMF

4 PRINCIPLES PROTECTION from electromagnetic radiation (including ionization radiation):
 
1) Protection by dose or amount (MPL)
2) Protection by distance
3) Protection by time
4) Protection by screening

for guarding work - cutting working time (protection by time)

2)

Architectural – planning measures - sanitary - protective zones from sources EMF, correct placement sources EMF from other objects (protection by distance)

substantiation MPL EMF (protection by dose):
 
- In industry - MPL

for a working day - 2 Watt in hour / m2
- For the population - MPL inside inhabited buildings - 0,5 kiloWatt / m,
- In territory of inhabited building - 1 kw / m,
- Outside of inhabited building - 5 kw / m,
- Near lines of electricity - 10 kw / m
 
b) current sanitary control - check keeping MPL, hygienic prescriptions etc.

treatment-improving measures

5) Technological measures - change technology for drop

level EMF, protection by screens.