Introduction

Содержание

1. Introduction
2. Bone Classification Bone Classification: Long Bones Short
3. Classification of BonesSlide 5.4aLong bonesTypically longer than
4. Classification of BonesSlide 5.4bShort bonesGenerally cube-shapeContain mostly spongy boneExamples: Carpals, tarsals
5. Classification of Bones on the Basis of ShapeSlide 5.4cFigure 5.1
6. Classification of BonesSlide 5.5aFlat bonesThin and flattenedUsually
7. Classification of BonesSlide 5.5bIrregular bonesIrregular shapeDo not fit into other bone classification categoriesExample: Vertebrae and hip
8. Classification of Bones on the Basis of ShapeSlide 5.5cFigure 5.1
9. Parts of a Long Bone Epiphysis Distal
10. Microscopic Structure Bone cells are called osteocytes
11. Compact Bone OsteonHaversian System Central canal Perforating
12. Microscopic Anatomy of BoneSlide 5.10bFigure 5.3
13. Microscopic Anatomy of BoneSlide 5.11aLacunaeCavities containing bone
14. Microscopic Anatomy of BoneSlide 5.11bCanaliculi Tiny canalsRadiate
15. Bone Development and Growth Parts of
16. Intramembranous Bones Intramembranous Bones These bones originate
17. Endochondral Bones Endochondral Bones Bones begin as
18. Endochondral Ossification Hyaline cartilage model Primary ossification
19. Bone Function Bones shape, support, and protect body structures
20. Support, Protection, and Movement Support, Movement
21. Blood Cell Formation Blood Cell Formation Also known as hematopoiesis Occurs in the red bone marrow
22. Inorganic Salt Storage Inorganic Salt Storage Calcium Phosphate Magnesium Sodium Potassium
23. Skeletal Organization The actual number of bones
24. Divisions of the Skeleton Axial Skeleton Skull
25. Skull Is composed of the cranium (brain case) and the facial bones
26. Cranium Sphenoid Bone (1) Base of cranium
27. Cranium Ethmoid Bone (1) Roof and walls
28. Facial Skeleton Maxillary Bones (2) Upper jaw
29. Facial SkeletonFrontal sinusEthmoidal sinusesSphenoidal sinusMaxillary sinus
30. Facial Skeleton Palatine Bones (2) ‘L’ shaped
31. Facial Skeleton Zygomatic Bones (2) Prominences of
32. Facial Skeleton Lacrimal Bones (2) Medial walls
33. Facial Skeleton Vomer Bone (1) Inferior portion
34. Facial Skeleton Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) Extend
35. Facial Skeleton Mandible Bone (1) Lower jaw
36. Vertebral Column The vertebral column, or spinal
37. Vertebral Column Cervical vertebrae (7) Thoracic vertebrae
38. Vertebral Column Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Lumbar
39. Typical Vertebrae Includes the following parts: Vertebral
40. Cervical Vertebrae Atlas – 1st; supports head
41. Thoracic VertebraeBodySuperiorarticularprocessSpinousprocessTransverseprocessInferior articularprocessIntervertebraldiscAnteriorPosteriorBodyPedicleVertebral foramenSuperior articular processFacet for
42. Lumbar Vertebrae Large bodies Thick, short spinous processes(c) Lumbar vertebraLaminaPedicleBodyVertebral foramenSpinous processSuperior articular processTransverse process
43. Sacrum 4-5 fused segments Median sacral crest
44. Coccyx3-4 fused segmentsSacral canalTubercle of median sacral
45. Thoracic Cage The thoracic cage includes the
46. Thoracic Cage Ribs (12) Sternum Thoracic vertebrae
47. Ribs Humans have 12 pairs of ribs:
48. Rib Structure Shaft Head – posterior end;
49. Sternum Three (3) parts of the sternum:
50. Pectoral Girdle Also known as the shoulder
51. Clavicles Articulate with manubrium Articulate with scapulae
52. AcromionprocessCoracoidprocessSpineGlenoidcavitySuprascapularnotchSuperiorborderSupra-glenoidtubercleInfra-glenoidtubercleCoracoidprocessAcromionprocessSupraspinousfossaInfraspinousfossaGlenoidcavityLateral(axillary) borderSubscapularfossaMedial(vertebral)border(a)(b)(c)Scapulae Spine Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Acromion process Coracoid process Glenoid fossa or cavity
53. Upper Limb Humerus Radius Ulna(Interosseous membrane) Carpals
54. Humerus Head Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Anatomical
55. Radius Lateral forearm bone Head Radial tuberosity
56. Ulna Medial forearm bone Trochlear notch Olecranon
57. Wrist and Hand Carpal Bones (16 total
58. Pelvic Girdle Coxal Bones (2) Supports trunk
59. Hip Bones Also known as the coxae:
60. Greater and Lesser Pelves Greater Pelvis Lumbar
61. Differences Between Male Female Pelves Female
62. Lower Limb Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals PhalangesMetatarsalsFibulaTibiaTibiaPatellaFemurFibula(c)Lateral viewFibulaTibiaLateral condyle(d)Posterior view(b)Medial condyleFemurTarsalsPhalangesFemurPatella
63. Femur Longest bone of body Head Fovea
64. PatellaAnterior surface of the knee joint Flat
65. TibiaMedial to fibula Condyles Tibial tuberosityMakes the medial malleolusTibiaFibulaMedialmalleolusTibialtuberosityAnteriorcrestMedialcondyleIntercondylareminenceLateralmalleolusLateralcondyleHead offibula
66. Fibula Lateral to tibia Long, slender Head Makes the lateral malleolus Non-weight bearingTibiaFibulaMedialmalleolusTibialtuberosityAnteriorcrestMedialcondyleIntercondylareminenceLateralmalleolusLateralcondyleHead offibula
67. Foot Tarsal Bones (14) Calcaneus Talus Navicular
68. FootCalcaneusTalusNavicularCuboidLateral cuneiformIntermediate cuneiformMedial cuneiformProximal phalanxMiddle phalanxDistal phalanxPhalangesMetatarsals (metatarsus)Tarsals (tarsus)54321(a)
69. Lifespan Changes Decrease in height at about
70. JointsSlide 5.43Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.
71. Functional Classification of JointsSlide 5.44Synarthroses – immovable jointsAmphiarthroses – slightly moveable jointsDiarthroses – freely moveable joints
72. Structural Classification of JointsSlide 5.45Copyright © 2003
73. Fibrous JointsBones united by fibrous tissue – synarthrosis or largely immovable.
74. Cartilaginous Joints – mostly amphiarthrosisSlide 5.47Copyright ©
75. Synovial JointsSlide 5.48Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education,
76. Features of Synovial Joints- DiarthrosesArticular cartilage (hyaline
77. Structures Associated with the Synovial JointSlide 5.50Copyright
78. The Synovial JointSlide 5.51Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.28
79. Types of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeSlide
80. Types of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeSlide
81. Скачать презентанцию

Bone Classification Bone Classification: Long Bones Short Bones Sesamoid Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Wormian Bones (sutural)(a)(e)(b)(c)(d)

Слайды и текст этой презентации

Слайд 1Introduction
Human skeleton initially cartilages and fibrous membranes
Hyaline cartilage

is the most abundant cartilage
By age 25 the skeleton

is completely hardened

206 bones make up the adult skeleton (20% of body mass)
80 bones of the axial skeleton
126 bones of the appendicular skeleton

Introduction Human skeleton initially cartilages and fibrous membranes Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant cartilage By age

Слайд 2Bone Classification
Bone Classification:
Long Bones
Short Bones
Sesamoid Bones

Flat Bones
Irregular Bones
Wormian Bones (sutural)
(a)
(e)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Слайд 3Classification of Bones
Slide 5.4a
Long bones
Typically longer than wide
Have a shaft

with heads at both ends
Contain mostly compact bone
Examples: Femur, humerus

Classification of BonesSlide 5.4aLong bonesTypically longer than wideHave a shaft with heads at both endsContain mostly compact

Слайд 4Classification of Bones
Slide 5.4b
Short bones
Generally cube-shape
Contain mostly spongy bone
Examples: Carpals,

tarsals

Слайд 5Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Slide 5.4c
Figure 5.1

Слайд 6Classification of Bones
Slide 5.5a
Flat bones
Thin and flattened
Usually curved
Thin layers of

compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
Examples: Skull, ribs,

sternum

Classification of BonesSlide 5.5aFlat bonesThin and flattenedUsually curvedThin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy

Слайд 7Classification of Bones
Slide 5.5b
Irregular bones
Irregular shape
Do not fit into other

bone classification categories
Example: Vertebrae and hip

Classification of BonesSlide 5.5bIrregular bonesIrregular shapeDo not fit into other bone classification categoriesExample: Vertebrae and hip

Слайд 8Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Slide 5.5c
Figure 5.1

Слайд 9Parts of a Long Bone
Epiphysis
Distal
Proximal
Diaphysis
Metaphysis

Compact bone
Spongy bone
Articular cartilage
Periosteum
Endosteum
Medullary cavity

Trabeculae
Bone marrow
Red marrow and yellow marrow

Femur

Periosteum

ellow marrow

Medullary cavity

Space containing red marrow

Spongy bone

Compact bone

Articular cartilage

Epiphyseal plates

Proximal

epiphysis

Distal

epiphysis

Diaphysis

Endosteum

Слайд 10Microscopic Structure
Bone cells are called osteocytes
in a lacuna

Osteocytes transport nutrients and wastes by cellular processes in canaliculi

The extracellular matrix of bone is largely collagen and inorganic salts
Collagen gives bone resilience & strength
Inorganic salts make bone hard

Microscopic Structure Bone cells are called osteocytes in a lacuna Osteocytes transport nutrients and wastes by cellular

Слайд 11Compact Bone
Osteon
Haversian System
Central canal
Perforating canal Volkmann’s canal

Osteocytes
Lamellae
Lacunae
Bone matrix
Canaliculi
Nerve
Osteon
Nerve
Nerve
Canaliculus
Osteocyte
Periosteum
Endosteum
Trabeculae
Pores
Bone matrix
Blood
vessels
Spongy
bone
Compact
bone
Compact
bone
Lacuna
(space)
Blood
vessels
Perforating
canal
Central canal
containing blood
vessels and

nerves

Central
canal

Слайд 12Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Slide 5.10b
Figure 5.3

Слайд 13Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Slide 5.11a
Lacunae
Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)
Arranged in

concentric rings
Lamellae
Rings around the central canal
Sites of lacunae
Figure 5.3

Microscopic Anatomy of BoneSlide 5.11aLacunaeCavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)Arranged in concentric ringsLamellaeRings around the central canalSites of

Слайд 14Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Slide 5.11b
Canaliculi
Tiny canals
Radiate from the central

canal to lacunae
Form a transport system
Figure 5.3

Слайд 15Bone Development and Growth
Parts of the skeletal system begin

to develop during the first few weeks of prenatal development

Bones replace existing connective tissue in one of two ways:
As intramembranous bones
As endchondral bones

Bone Development and Growth Parts of the skeletal system begin to develop during the first few

Слайд 16Intramembranous Bones
Intramembranous Bones
These bones originate within sheetlike layers

of connective tissues
They are the broad, flat bones
Skull

bones (except mandible)
Are known as intramembranous bones

Intramembranous Bones Intramembranous Bones These bones originate within sheetlike layers of connective tissues They are the broad,

Слайд 17Endochondral Bones
Endochondral Bones
Bones begin as hyaline cartilage
Form

models for future bones
These are most bones of the

skeleton
Are known as endochondral bones

Endochondral Bones Endochondral Bones Bones begin as hyaline cartilage Form models for future bones These are most

Слайд 18Endochondral Ossification
Hyaline cartilage model
Primary ossification center
Secondary ossification

centers
Epiphyseal plate
Osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts

(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(a)
Cartilaginous
model
Calcified
cartilage
Articular
cartilage
Developing
periosteum
Compact bone
developing
Primary
ossification
center
Medullary
cavity
Medullary
cavity
Medullary
cavity
Secondary
ossification
center
Secondary
ossification
center
Blood
vessel
Epiphyseal
plate
Remnant of
epiphyseal
plate
Remnants of
epiphyseal
plates
Epiphyseal
plates
Compact
bone
Spongy
bone
Articular
cartilage
Spongy
bone

Endochondral Ossification Hyaline cartilage model Primary ossification center Secondary ossification centers Epiphyseal plate Osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(a)CartilaginousmodelCalcifiedcartilageArticularcartilageDevelopingperiosteumCompact bonedevelopingPrimaryossificationcenterMedullarycavityMedullarycavityMedullarycavitySecondaryossificationcenterSecondaryossificationcenterBloodvesselEpiphysealplateRemnant

Слайд 19Bone Function
Bones shape, support, and protect body structures

Слайд 20Support, Protection, and Movement
Support, Movement & Protection
Gives shape

to head, etc.
Supports body’s weight
Protects lungs, etc.
Bones

and muscles interact
When limbs or body parts move

Support, Protection, and Movement Support, Movement & Protection Gives shape to head, etc. Supports body’s weight

Слайд 21Blood Cell Formation
Blood Cell Formation
Also known as hematopoiesis

Occurs in the red bone marrow

Слайд 22Inorganic Salt Storage
Inorganic Salt Storage
Calcium
Phosphate
Magnesium

Sodium
Potassium

Слайд 23Skeletal Organization
The actual number of bones in the human

skeleton varies from person to person

Typically there are about

206 bones

For convenience the skeleton is divided into the:
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton

Skeletal Organization The actual number of bones in the human skeleton varies from person to person Typically

Слайд 24Divisions of the Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Skull
Spine

Rib cage
Appendicular Skeleton
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
Shoulder girdle

Pelvic girdle

Hyoid

Cranium

Face

Clavicle

Scapula

Sternum

Ribs

Humerus

Ulna

Hip bone

Radius

Femur

Patella

ibia

Fibula

arsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges

Skull

Vertebral column

Sacrum

Coccyx

Carpals

Metacarpals

(a)

(b)

Divisions of the Skeleton Axial Skeleton Skull Spine Rib cage Appendicular Skeleton Upper limbs Lower limbs Shoulder

Слайд 25Skull
Is composed of the cranium (brain case) and the

facial bones

Слайд 26Cranium
Sphenoid Bone (1)
Base of cranium
Sides of skull

Floors and sides of orbits
Sella turcica
Sphenoid sinuses
Transverse section
Lesser

wing

Optic canal

Greater wing

Sella turcica

Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosum

Foramen rotundum

Lesser wing

Greater wing

Superior orbital fissure

Foramen rotundum

Lateral pterygoid plate

Medial pterygoid plate

(b)

(a)

Cranium Sphenoid Bone (1) Base of cranium Sides of skull Floors and sides of orbits Sella

Слайд 27Cranium
Ethmoid Bone (1)
Roof and walls of nasal cavity

Floor of cranium
Wall of orbits
Cribiform plates
Perpendicular plate

Superior and middle nasal conchae
Ethmoid sinuses
Crista galli

ransverse section

Crista galli

Orbital surface

Ethmoidal sinuses

Cribriform plate

Crista galli

Perpendicular plate

Superior nasal concha

Middle nasal concha

Perpendicular plate

(a)

(b)

Cranium Ethmoid Bone (1) Roof and walls of nasal cavity Floor of cranium Wall of orbits Cribiform

Слайд 28Facial Skeleton
Maxillary Bones (2)
Upper jaw
Anterior roof of

mouth
Floors of orbits
Sides of nasal cavity
Floors of

nasal cavity
Alveolar processes
Maxillary sinuses
Palatine process

Coronal suture

Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone

Ethmoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Nasal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Mental foramen

Mandible

Coronoid process

Styloid process

Mandibular condyle

Mastoid process

External acoustic meatus

Temporal process of zygomatic bone

Zygomatic process of temporal bone

Occipital bone

Temporal bone

Parietal bone

Lambdoid suture

Squamous suture

Facial Skeleton Maxillary Bones (2) Upper jaw Anterior roof of mouth Floors of orbits Sides of nasal

Слайд 29Facial Skeleton
Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal sinuses
Sphenoidal sinus
Maxillary sinus

Слайд 30Facial Skeleton
Palatine Bones (2)
‘L’ shaped bones located behind

the maxillae
Posterior section of hard palate
Floor of

nasal cavity
Lateral walls of nasal cavity

Coronal section

Horizontal portion

Perpendicular portion

Facial Skeleton Palatine Bones (2) ‘L’ shaped bones located behind the maxillae Posterior section of hard

Слайд 31Facial Skeleton
Zygomatic Bones (2)
Prominences of cheeks
Lateral walls

of orbits
Floors of orbits
Temporal process
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid

bone

Lacrimal bone

Nasal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Mental foramen

Mandible

Coronoid process

Styloid process

Mandibular condyle

Mastoid process

External acoustic meatus

Temporal process of zygomatic bone

Zygomatic process of temporal bone

Occipital bone

Temporal bone

Parietal bone

Lambdoid suture

Squamous suture

Facial Skeleton Zygomatic Bones (2) Prominences of cheeks Lateral walls of orbits Floors of orbits Temporal processCoronal

Слайд 32Facial Skeleton
Lacrimal Bones (2)
Medial walls of orbits
Groove

from orbit to nasal cavity
Nasal Bones (2)
Bridge of

nose

Coronal suture

Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone

Ethmoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Nasal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Mental foramen

Mandible

Coronoid process

Styloid process

Mandibular condyle

Mastoid process

External acoustic meatus

Temporal process of zygomatic bone

Zygomatic process of temporal bone

Occipital bone

Temporal bone

Parietal bone

Lambdoid suture

Squamous suture

Facial Skeleton Lacrimal Bones (2) Medial walls of orbits Groove from orbit to nasal cavity Nasal Bones

Слайд 33Facial Skeleton
Vomer Bone (1)
Inferior portion of nasal septum
Coronal

suture
Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Palatine bone
Vomer bone
Alveolar processes
Inferior nasal concha
Maxilla
Palatine process of maxilla
Styloid

process

Sphenoidal sinus

Mandible

Perpendicular plate (nasal septum)

Frontal sinus

Crista galli

Cribriform plate

Foramen magnum

Jugular foramen

Internal acoustic meatus

Sella turcica

Occipital bone

Parietal bone

Temporal bone

Lambdoid suture

Squamous suture

Sphenoid bone

Hypoglossal canal

Mastoid process

Ethmoid bone

Facial Skeleton Vomer Bone (1) Inferior portion of nasal septumCoronal sutureFrontal boneNasal bonePalatine boneVomer boneAlveolar processesInferior nasal

Слайд 34Facial Skeleton
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
Extend from lateral walls

of nasal cavity
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Palatine bone
Vomer bone
Alveolar processes
Inferior nasal

concha

Maxilla

Palatine process of maxilla

Styloid process

Sphenoidal sinus

Mandible

Perpendicular plate (nasal septum)

Frontal sinus

Crista galli

Cribriform plate

Foramen magnum

Jugular foramen

Internal acoustic meatus

Sella turcica

Occipital bone

Parietal bone

Temporal bone

Lambdoid suture

Squamous suture

Sphenoid bone

Hypoglossal canal

Mastoid process

Ethmoid bone

Facial Skeleton Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) Extend from lateral walls of nasal cavityCoronal sutureFrontal boneNasal bonePalatine

Слайд 35Facial Skeleton
Mandible Bone (1)
Lower jaw
Body
Ramus
Mandibular

condyle
Coronoid process
Alveolar process
Mandibular foramen
Mental foramen
Coronoid process
Mandibular foramen
Mandibular condyle
Ramus
Alveolar border
Mental

foramen

Body

Alveolar arch

Mandibular foramen

Coronoid process

(a)

(b)

Facial Skeleton Mandible Bone (1) Lower jaw Body Ramus Mandibular condyle Coronoid process Alveolar process Mandibular foramen

Слайд 36Vertebral Column
The vertebral column, or spinal column, consists of

many vertebrae separated by cartilaginous intervertebral discs.

Слайд 37Vertebral Column
Cervical vertebrae (7)
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
Lumbar vertebrae

(5)
Sacral (4-5 fused segments)
Sacrum is fused bone
Coccygeal

(3-4 fused segments)
Coccyx is fused bone

(b)

(a)

Cervical curvature

Thoracic curvature

Lumbar curvature

Lumbar vertebrae

Thoracic vertebrae

Cervical vertebrae

Sacral curvature

Vertebra prominens

Rib facet

Intervertebral

Intervertebral foramina

Sacrum

Coccyx

Слайд 38Vertebral Column
Cervical curvature
Thoracic curvature
Lumbar curvature
Sacral curvature

Rib facets
Vertebral prominens
Intervertebral discs (IVD)
Intervertebral foramina (IVF)
(b)
(a)
Cervical curvature
Thoracic curvature
Lumbar curvature
Lumbar vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae
Sacral curvature
Vertebra prominens
Rib

facet

Intervertebral

Intervertebral foramina

Sacrum

Coccyx

Vertebral Column Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Lumbar curvature Sacral curvature Rib facets Vertebral prominens Intervertebral discs (IVD)

Слайд 39Typical Vertebrae
Includes the following parts:
Vertebral body
Pedicles
Lamina

Spinous process
Transverse processes
Vertebral foramen
Facets

Typical Vertebrae Includes the following parts: Vertebral body Pedicles Lamina Spinous process Transverse processes Vertebral foramen Facets

Слайд 40Cervical Vertebrae
Atlas – 1st; supports head
Axis – 2nd;

dens pivots to turn head
Transverse foramina
Bifid spinous processes

Vertebral prominens – useful landmark

(b)

(c)

(a)

Posterior

Atlas

Axis

Body

Dens (odontoid process)

Spinous process

Dens

Inferior articular
process

Facet that articulates
with dens (odontoid process)
of axis

Facet that articulates
with occipital condyle

Spinous
process

Anterior articular
facet for atlas

Transverse
foramen

Transverse
process

Superior
articular facet

Vertebral
foramen

Transverse
process

Transverse
foramen

Cervical Vertebrae Atlas – 1st; supports head Axis – 2nd; dens pivots to turn head Transverse foramina

Слайд 41Thoracic Vertebrae
Body
Superior
articular
process
Spinous
process
Transverse
process
Inferior articular
process
Intervertebral
disc
Anterior
Posterior
Body
Pedicle
Vertebral foramen
Superior articular process
Facet for tubercle of rib
Transverse

process
Lamina
Spinous process
Inferior articular
process
Intervertebral notch
Body
Pedicle
Superior
articular
process
Transverse
process
Facet for
tubercle of rib
Spinous
process
(a)
(c)
(b)
Long spinous processes

Rib facets

Thoracic VertebraeBodySuperiorarticularprocessSpinousprocessTransverseprocessInferior articularprocessIntervertebraldiscAnteriorPosteriorBodyPedicleVertebral foramenSuperior articular processFacet for tubercle of ribTransverse processLaminaSpinous processInferior articularprocessIntervertebral notchBodyPedicleSuperiorarticularprocessTransverseprocessFacet fortubercle of ribSpinousprocess(a)(c)(b)

Слайд 42Lumbar Vertebrae
Large bodies
Thick, short spinous processes
(c) Lumbar vertebra
Lamina
Pedicle
Body
Vertebral

foramen
Spinous process
Superior articular process
Transverse process

Lumbar Vertebrae Large bodies Thick, short spinous processes(c) Lumbar vertebraLaminaPedicleBodyVertebral foramenSpinous processSuperior articular processTransverse process

Слайд 43Sacrum
4-5 fused segments
Median sacral crest
Posterior sacral foramina

Posterior wall of pelvic cavity
Sacral promontory aka base
Area

toward coccyx is the apex

Sacral canal

Tubercle of median sacral crest

Auricular surface

Posterior sacral foramen

Sacral hiatus

Coccyx

Sacrum

Superior articular process

Sacral promontory

Anterior sacral foramen

(a)

(b)

Sacrum 4-5 fused segments Median sacral crest Posterior sacral foramina Posterior wall of pelvic cavity Sacral promontory

Слайд 44Coccyx
3-4 fused segments
Sacral canal
Tubercle of median sacral crest
Auricular surface
Posterior sacral foramen
Sacral hiatus
Coccyx
Sacrum
Superior articular process
Sacral

promontory
Anterior sacral foramen
(a)
(b)

Coccyx3-4 fused segmentsSacral canalTubercle of median sacral crestAuricular surfacePosterior sacral foramenSacral hiatusCoccyxSacrumSuperior articular processSacral promontoryAnterior sacral foramen(a)(b)

Слайд 45Thoracic Cage
The thoracic cage includes the ribs, the thoracic

vertebrae, the sternum, and the costal cartilages that attach the

ribs to the sternum.

Thoracic Cage The thoracic cage includes the ribs, the thoracic vertebrae, the sternum, and the costal cartilages

Слайд 46Thoracic Cage
Ribs (12)
Sternum
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
Costal cartilages

Supports shoulder girdle
and upper limbs
Protects viscera
Role in breathing
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
1
12
True

ribs (vertebrosternal ribs)

Vertebrochondral ribs

False ribs

(a)

Floating ribs (vertebral ribs)

Sternum

Body

Manubrium

Ribs

Costal cartilage

Xiphoid process

Thoracic vertebra

Clavicular notch

Sternal angle

Jugular notch (suprasternal notch)

(b)

b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD

Thoracic Cage Ribs (12) Sternum Thoracic vertebrae (12) Costal cartilages Supports shoulder girdleand upper limbs Protects viscera

Слайд 47Ribs
Humans have 12 pairs of ribs:
True ribs (7)

False ribs (5), of which:
Floating (2)
There are some

anomalies:
Cervical ribs
Lumbar ribs

True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs)

Vertebrochondral ribs

False ribs

(a)

Floating ribs (vertebral ribs)

Sternum

Body

Manubrium

Ribs

Costal cartilage

Xiphoid process

Thoracic vertebra

Clavicular notch

Sternal angle

Jugular notch (suprasternal notch)

(b)

b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD

Ribs Humans have 12 pairs of ribs: True ribs (7) False ribs (5), of which: Floating (2)

Слайд 48Rib Structure
Shaft
Head – posterior end; articulates with vertebrae

Tubercle – articulates with vertebrae
Costal cartilage – hyaline cartilage

Anterior end (sternal end)

Shaft

Facet

Head

Neck

ubercle

Facet

Spinous process

Costal groove

Shaft

Anterior end

Head

ubercle

Neck

(a)

(b)

Rib Structure Shaft Head – posterior end; articulates with vertebrae Tubercle – articulates with vertebrae Costal cartilage

Слайд 49Sternum
Three (3) parts of the sternum:
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid

process
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
1
12
True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs)
Vertebrochondral ribs
False ribs
(a)
Floating ribs (vertebral ribs)
Sternum
Body
Manubrium
Ribs
Costal cartilage
Xiphoid process
Thoracic vertebra
Clavicular notch
Sternal angle
Jugular notch (suprasternal notch)
(b)
b:

Sternum Three (3) parts of the sternum: Manubrium Body Xiphoid process123456789101112True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs)Vertebrochondral ribsFalse ribs(a)Floating ribs

Слайд 50Pectoral Girdle
Also known as the shoulder girdle
Clavicles

Scapulae
Supports upper limbs
True shoulder joint is simply the

articulation of the humerus and scapula

Sternum

Costal cartilage

Rib

Scapula

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

Clavicle

(a)

Coracoid process

Head of humerus

Acromion process

Acromial end Sternal end

Pectoral Girdle Also known as the shoulder girdle Clavicles Scapulae Supports upper limbs True shoulder joint

Слайд 51Clavicles
Articulate with manubrium
Articulate with scapulae (acromion process)
A-C

joint
Sternum
Costal cartilage
Rib
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Clavicle
(a)
Coracoid process
Head of humerus
Acromion process
Acromial end Sternal end

Clavicles Articulate with manubrium Articulate with scapulae (acromion process) A-C jointSternumCostal cartilageRibScapulaHumerusUlnaRadiusClavicle(a)Coracoid processHead of humerusAcromion processAcromial end

Слайд 52Acromion
process
Coracoid
process
Spine
Glenoid
cavity
Suprascapular
notch
Superior
border
Supra-
glenoid
tubercle
Infra-
glenoid
tubercle
Coracoid
process
Acromion
process
Supraspinous
fossa
Infraspinous
fossa
Glenoid
cavity
Lateral
(axillary) border
Subscapular
fossa
Medial
(vertebral)
border
(a)
(b)
(c)
Scapulae
Spine
Supraspinous fossa
Infraspinous fossa
Acromion process
Coracoid

process
Glenoid fossa or cavity

AcromionprocessCoracoidprocessSpineGlenoidcavitySuprascapularnotchSuperiorborderSupra-glenoidtubercleInfra-glenoidtubercleCoracoidprocessAcromionprocessSupraspinousfossaInfraspinousfossaGlenoidcavityLateral(axillary) borderSubscapularfossaMedial(vertebral)border(a)(b)(c)Scapulae Spine Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Acromion process Coracoid process Glenoid fossa or cavity

Слайд 53Upper Limb
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
(Interosseous membrane)
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Olecranon process
Head of

radius
Neck of radius
Ulna
Olecranon fossa
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Humerus
Humerus
Ulna
Ulna
Radius
(c)
(d)
(a) Hand (palm anterior)
(b) Hand (palm posterior)
d: ©

Martin Rotker

Upper Limb Humerus Radius Ulna(Interosseous membrane) Carpals Metacarpals PhalangesOlecranon processHead of radiusNeck of radiusUlnaOlecranon fossaCarpalsMetacarpalsPhalangesHumerusHumerusUlnaUlnaRadius(c)(d)(a) Hand (palm

Слайд 54Humerus
Head
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck

Deltoid tuberosity
Capitulum
Trochlea
Coronoid fossa
Olecranon fossa
Capitulum
Trochlea
Deltoid tuberosity
Head
Lesser tubercle
Greater

tubercle

Greater tubercle

(a)

(b)

Lateral
epicondyle

Coronoid
fossa

Intertubercular
groove

Medial
epicondyle

Olecranon
fossa

Anatomical
neck

Surgical
neck

Lateral
epicondyle

Слайд 55Radius
Lateral forearm bone
Head
Radial tuberosity
Styloid process
Styloid process
Ulnar

notch of radius
Styloid process
Head of ulna
Ulna
Radius
Radial tuberosity
Head of radius
Coronoid process
Trochlear

notch

Olecranon process

(b)

(a)

Olecranon process

Trochlear
notch

Coronoid
process

Radial
notch

Radius Lateral forearm bone Head Radial tuberosity Styloid processStyloid processUlnar notch of radiusStyloid processHead of ulnaUlnaRadiusRadial tuberosityHead

Слайд 56Ulna
Medial forearm bone
Trochlear notch
Olecranon process
Coronoid process

Styloid process
Styloid process
Ulnar notch of radius
Styloid process
Head of ulna
Ulna
Radius
Radial tuberosity
Head

of radius

Coronoid process

Trochlear notch

Olecranon process

(b)

(a)

Olecranon process

Trochlear
notch

Coronoid
process

Radial
notch

Слайд 57Wrist and Hand
Carpal Bones (16 total bones)
Scaphoid
Lunate

Triquetral
Pisiform
Hamate
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Metacarpal Bones (10)
Phalangeal

Bones (28)
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx

Trapezium

Trapezoid

Capitate

Scaphoid

Trapezium

(a)

(b)

Trapezoid

Capitate

Scaphoid

Ulna

Radius

Lunate

Hamate

Triquetrum

Pisiform

Phalanges

Distal
phalanx

Middle
phalanx

Proximal
phalanx

Metacarpals
(metacarpus)

Carpals
(carpus)

Wrist and Hand Carpal Bones (16 total bones) Scaphoid Lunate Triquetral Pisiform Hamate Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium Metacarpal

Слайд 58Pelvic Girdle
Coxal Bones (2)
Supports trunk of body
Protects

viscera
Forms pelvic cavity
Sacrum
Sacral promontory
Sacroiliac joint
Acetabulum
Pubis
Symphysis pubis
(a)
Pubic arch
Ischium
Pubic tubercle
Ilium
Obturator foramen
Ischium
Coccyx
Sacral hiatus
Sacrum
(b)
Ilium
Sacral

canal

Pubis

(c)

Pelvic Girdle Coxal Bones (2) Supports trunk of body Protects viscera Forms pelvic cavitySacrumSacral promontorySacroiliac jointAcetabulumPubisSymphysis pubis(a)Pubic

Слайд 59Hip Bones
Also known as the coxae:
Acetabulum
There

are three (3) bones:
1. Ilium
Iliac crest
Iliac spines
Greater

sciatic notch
2. Ischium
Ischial spines
Lesser sciatic notch
Ischial tuberosity
3. Pubis
Obturator foramen
Symphysis pubis
Pubic arch

Iliac crest

Iliac fossa

Ilium

Ischium

Pubis

Ischial spine

Obturator foramen

Acetabulum

Pubic crest

Pubic tubercle

(b)

(a)

Anterior
superior
iliac spine

Anterior
inferior
iliac spine

Posterior
superior
iliac spine

Posterior
inferior
iliac spine

Greater
sciatic notch

Lesser
sciatic notch

Ischial
tuberosity

Obturator
foramen

Hip Bones Also known as the coxae: Acetabulum There are three (3) bones:1. Ilium Iliac crest Iliac

Слайд 60Greater and Lesser Pelves
Greater Pelvis
Lumbar vertebrae posteriorly
Iliac

bones laterally
Abdominal wall anteriorly
Lesser Pelvis
Sacrum and coccyx

posteriorly
Lower ilium, ischium, and pubic bones laterally and anteriorly

Sacral promontory

Flared ilium

Pelvic brim

Symphysis pubis

Pubic arch

(a) Female pelvis

(b) Male pelvis

Sacral promontory

Sacral curvature

Greater and Lesser Pelves Greater Pelvis Lumbar vertebrae posteriorly Iliac bones laterally Abdominal wall anteriorly Lesser Pelvis

Слайд 61Differences Between Male Female Pelves
Female pelvis
Iliac bones more

flared
Broader hips
Pubic arch angle greater
More distance between

ischial spines and ischial tuberosities
Sacral curvature shorter and flatter
Lighter bones
Why?

Sacral promontory

Flared ilium

Pelvic brim

Symphysis pubis

Pubic arch

(a) Female pelvis

(b) Male pelvis

Sacral promontory

Sacral curvature

Differences Between Male Female Pelves Female pelvis Iliac bones more flared Broader hips Pubic arch angle

Слайд 62Lower Limb
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Metatarsals
Fibula
Tibia
T
ibia
Patella
Femur
Fibula
(c)
Lateral view
Fibula
T
ibia
Lateral condyle
(d)
Posterior

view
(b)
Medial condyle
Femur
T
arsals
Phalanges
Femur
Patella

Lower Limb Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals PhalangesMetatarsalsFibulaTibiaTibiaPatellaFemurFibula(c)Lateral viewFibulaTibiaLateral condyle(d)Posterior view(b)Medial condyleFemurTarsalsPhalangesFemurPatella

Слайд 63Femur
Longest bone of body
Head
Fovea capitis
Neck
Greater

trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Linea aspera
Condyles
Epicondyles
Neck
Head
Fovea capitis
(a)
(b)
Lateral
condyle
Medial
condyle
Intercondylar
fossa
Medial
epicondyle
Patellar
surface
Lateral
epicondyle
Greater
trochanter
Gluteal
tuberosity
Lesser
trochanter
Linea
aspera

Femur Longest bone of body Head Fovea capitis Neck Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Linea aspera Condyles EpicondylesNeckHeadFovea

Слайд 64Patella
Anterior surface of the knee joint
Flat sesamoid bone located

in the quadriceps tendon
Metatarsals
Fibula
Tibia
T
ibia
Patella
Femur
Fibula
(c)
Lateral view
Fibula
T
ibia
Lateral condyle
(d)
Posterior view
(b)
Medial condyle
Femur
T
arsals
Phalanges
Femur
Patella

PatellaAnterior surface of the knee joint Flat sesamoid bone located in the quadriceps tendonMetatarsalsFibulaTibiaTibiaPatellaFemurFibula(c)Lateral viewFibulaTibiaLateral condyle(d)Posterior view(b)Medial

Слайд 65Tibia
Medial to fibula
Condyles
Tibial tuberosity
Makes the medial malleolus
Tibia
Fibula
Medial
malleolus
Tibial
tuberosity
Anterior
crest
Medial
condyle
Intercondylar
eminence
Lateral
malleolus
Lateral
condyle
Head of
fibula

TibiaMedial to fibula Condyles Tibial tuberosityMakes the medial malleolusTibiaFibulaMedialmalleolusTibialtuberosityAnteriorcrestMedialcondyleIntercondylareminenceLateralmalleolusLateralcondyleHead offibula

Слайд 66Fibula
Lateral to tibia
Long, slender
Head
Makes the lateral

malleolus
Non-weight bearing
Tibia
Fibula
Medial
malleolus
Tibial
tuberosity
Anterior
crest
Medial
condyle
Intercondylar
eminence
Lateral
malleolus
Lateral
condyle
Head of
fibula

Fibula Lateral to tibia Long, slender Head Makes the lateral malleolus Non-weight bearingTibiaFibulaMedialmalleolusTibialtuberosityAnteriorcrestMedialcondyleIntercondylareminenceLateralmalleolusLateralcondyleHead offibula

Слайд 67Foot
Tarsal Bones (14)
Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular
Cuboid
Lateral (3rd)

cuneiform
Intermediate (2nd) cuneiform
Medial (1st) cuneiform
Metatarsal Bones (10)

Phalanges (28)
Proximal
Middle
Distal

(b)

Tibia

Fibula

alus

Navicular

Phalanges

Calcaneus

Medial
cuneiform

Metatarsals
(metatarsus)

Tarsals
(tarsus)

Calcaneal
tuberosity

Foot Tarsal Bones (14) Calcaneus Talus Navicular Cuboid Lateral (3rd) cuneiform Intermediate (2nd) cuneiform Medial (1st) cuneiform

Слайд 68Foot
Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular
Cuboid
Lateral cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Medial cuneiform
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx
Phalanges
Metatarsals (metatarsus)
Tarsals (tarsus)
5
4
3
2
1
(a)

FootCalcaneusTalusNavicularCuboidLateral cuneiformIntermediate cuneiformMedial cuneiformProximal phalanxMiddle phalanxDistal phalanxPhalangesMetatarsals (metatarsus)Tarsals (tarsus)54321(a)

Слайд 69Lifespan Changes
Decrease in height at about age 30
Calcium

levels fall
Bones become brittle
Osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts
Spongy bone

weakens before compact bone
Bone loss rapid in menopausal women
Hip fractures common
Vertebral compression fractures common

Lifespan Changes Decrease in height at about age 30 Calcium levels fall Bones become brittle Osteoclasts outnumber

Cummings
Articulations of bones
Functions of joints
Hold bones together
Allow for mobility
Ways joints

are classified
Functionally
Structurally

JointsSlide 5.43Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsArticulations of bonesFunctions of jointsHold bones togetherAllow

Слайд 71Functional Classification of Joints
Slide 5.44
Synarthroses – immovable joints
Amphiarthroses – slightly

moveable joints
Diarthroses – freely moveable joints

Functional Classification of JointsSlide 5.44Synarthroses – immovable jointsAmphiarthroses – slightly moveable jointsDiarthroses – freely moveable joints

publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fibrous joints
Generally immovable
Cartilaginous joints
Immovable or slightly moveable
Synovial

joints
Freely moveable

Structural Classification of JointsSlide 5.45Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFibrous jointsGenerally immovableCartilaginous jointsImmovable

Слайд 73Fibrous Joints
Bones united by fibrous tissue – synarthrosis or largely

immovable.

Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones connected by cartilage
Examples
Pubic symphysis
Intervertebral joints
Figure

5.27b, c

Cartilaginous Joints – mostly amphiarthrosisSlide 5.47Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsBones connected by

Benjamin Cummings
Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity
Synovial fluid

is found in the joint cavity

Figure 5.27f–h

Synovial JointsSlide 5.48Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsArticulating bones are separated by a

Слайд 76Features of Synovial Joints- Diarthroses
Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the

ends of bones
Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular

capsule
Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
Ligaments reinforce the joint

Features of Synovial Joints- DiarthrosesArticular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bonesJoint surfaces are enclosed by

Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs
Lined

with synovial membranes
Filled with synovial fluid
Not actually part of the joint
Tendon sheath
Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

Structures Associated with the Synovial JointSlide 5.50Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsBursae –

as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.28

Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.29a–c

Types of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeSlide 5.52aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure

Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.29d–f

Types of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeSlide 5.52bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure

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Слайд 1Introduction Human skeleton initially cartilages and fibrous membranes Hyaline cartilage

is the most abundant cartilage By age 25 the skeleton

Слайд 2Bone Classification Bone Classification: Long Bones Short Bones Sesamoid Bones

Flat Bones Irregular Bones Wormian Bones (sutural)(a)(e)(b)(c)(d)

Слайд 3Classification of BonesSlide 5.4aLong bonesTypically longer than wideHave a shaft

with heads at both endsContain mostly compact boneExamples: Femur, humerus

Слайд 4Classification of BonesSlide 5.4bShort bonesGenerally cube-shapeContain mostly spongy boneExamples: Carpals,

tarsals

Слайд 5Classification of Bones on the Basis of ShapeSlide 5.4cFigure 5.1

Слайд 6Classification of BonesSlide 5.5aFlat bonesThin and flattenedUsually curvedThin layers of

compact bone around a layer of spongy boneExamples: Skull, ribs,

Слайд 7Classification of BonesSlide 5.5bIrregular bonesIrregular shapeDo not fit into other

bone classification categoriesExample: Vertebrae and hip

Слайд 8Classification of Bones on the Basis of ShapeSlide 5.5cFigure 5.1

Слайд 9Parts of a Long Bone Epiphysis Distal Proximal Diaphysis Metaphysis

Compact bone Spongy bone Articular cartilage Periosteum Endosteum Medullary cavity

Слайд 10Microscopic Structure Bone cells are called osteocytes in a lacuna

Osteocytes transport nutrients and wastes by cellular processes in canaliculi

Слайд 11Compact Bone OsteonHaversian System Central canal Perforating canal Volkmann’s canal

Osteocytes Lamellae Lacunae Bone matrix CanaliculiNerveOsteonNerveNerveCanaliculusOsteocytePeriosteumEndosteumTrabeculaePoresBone matrixBloodvesselsSpongyboneCompactboneCompactboneLacuna(space)BloodvesselsPerforatingcanalCentral canalcontaining bloodvessels and

Слайд 12Microscopic Anatomy of BoneSlide 5.10bFigure 5.3

Слайд 13Microscopic Anatomy of BoneSlide 5.11aLacunaeCavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)Arranged in

concentric ringsLamellaeRings around the central canalSites of lacunaeFigure 5.3

Слайд 14Microscopic Anatomy of BoneSlide 5.11bCanaliculi Tiny canalsRadiate from the central

canal to lacunaeForm a transport systemFigure 5.3

Слайд 15Bone Development and Growth Parts of the skeletal system begin

to develop during the first few weeks of prenatal development

Слайд 16Intramembranous Bones Intramembranous Bones These bones originate within sheetlike layers

of connective tissues They are the broad, flat bones Skull

Слайд 17Endochondral Bones Endochondral Bones Bones begin as hyaline cartilage Form

models for future bones These are most bones of the

Слайд 18Endochondral Ossification Hyaline cartilage model Primary ossification center Secondary ossification

Слайд 19Bone Function Bones shape, support, and protect body structures

Слайд 20Support, Protection, and Movement Support, Movement & Protection Gives shape

to head, etc. Supports body’s weight Protects lungs, etc. Bones

Слайд 21Blood Cell Formation Blood Cell Formation Also known as hematopoiesis

Occurs in the red bone marrow

Слайд 22Inorganic Salt Storage Inorganic Salt Storage Calcium Phosphate Magnesium

Sodium Potassium

Слайд 23Skeletal Organization The actual number of bones in the human

skeleton varies from person to person Typically there are about

Слайд 24Divisions of the Skeleton Axial Skeleton Skull Spine

Rib cage Appendicular Skeleton Upper limbs Lower limbs Shoulder girdle

Слайд 25Skull Is composed of the cranium (brain case) and the

facial bones

Слайд 26Cranium Sphenoid Bone (1) Base of cranium Sides of skull

Floors and sides of orbits Sella turcica Sphenoid sinusesTransverse sectionLesser

Слайд 27Cranium Ethmoid Bone (1) Roof and walls of nasal cavity

Floor of cranium Wall of orbits Cribiform plates Perpendicular plate

Слайд 28Facial Skeleton Maxillary Bones (2) Upper jaw Anterior roof of

mouth Floors of orbits Sides of nasal cavity Floors of

Слайд 29Facial SkeletonFrontal sinusEthmoidal sinusesSphenoidal sinusMaxillary sinus

Слайд 30Facial Skeleton Palatine Bones (2) ‘L’ shaped bones located behind

the maxillae Posterior section of hard palate Floor of

Слайд 31Facial Skeleton Zygomatic Bones (2) Prominences of cheeks Lateral walls

of orbits Floors of orbits Temporal processCoronal sutureFrontal boneSphenoid boneEthmoid

Слайд 32Facial Skeleton Lacrimal Bones (2) Medial walls of orbits Groove

from orbit to nasal cavity Nasal Bones (2) Bridge of

Слайд 33Facial Skeleton Vomer Bone (1) Inferior portion of nasal septumCoronal

sutureFrontal boneNasal bonePalatine boneVomer boneAlveolar processesInferior nasal conchaMaxillaPalatine process of maxillaStyloid

Слайд 34Facial Skeleton Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) Extend from lateral walls

of nasal cavityCoronal sutureFrontal boneNasal bonePalatine boneVomer boneAlveolar processesInferior nasal

Слайд 35Facial Skeleton Mandible Bone (1) Lower jaw Body Ramus Mandibular

condyle Coronoid process Alveolar process Mandibular foramen Mental foramenCoronoid processMandibular foramenMandibular condyleRamusAlveolar borderMental

Слайд 36Vertebral Column The vertebral column, or spinal column, consists of

many vertebrae separated by cartilaginous intervertebral discs.

Слайд 37Vertebral Column Cervical vertebrae (7) Thoracic vertebrae (12) Lumbar vertebrae

(5) Sacral (4-5 fused segments) Sacrum is fused bone Coccygeal

Слайд 38Vertebral Column Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Lumbar curvature Sacral curvature

Rib facets Vertebral prominens Intervertebral discs (IVD) Intervertebral foramina (IVF)(b)(a)Cervical curvatureThoracic curvatureLumbar curvatureLumbar vertebraeThoracic vertebraeCervical vertebraeSacral curvatureVertebra prominensRib

Слайд 39Typical Vertebrae Includes the following parts: Vertebral body Pedicles Lamina

Spinous process Transverse processes Vertebral foramen Facets

Слайд 40Cervical Vertebrae Atlas – 1st; supports head Axis – 2nd;

dens pivots to turn head Transverse foramina Bifid spinous processes

Слайд 41Thoracic VertebraeBodySuperiorarticularprocessSpinousprocessTransverseprocessInferior articularprocessIntervertebraldiscAnteriorPosteriorBodyPedicleVertebral foramenSuperior articular processFacet for tubercle of ribTransverse

processLaminaSpinous processInferior articularprocessIntervertebral notchBodyPedicleSuperiorarticularprocessTransverseprocessFacet fortubercle of ribSpinousprocess(a)(c)(b) Long spinous processes

Слайд 1Introduction
Human skeleton initially cartilages and fibrous membranes
Hyaline cartilage

is the most abundant cartilage
By age 25 the skeleton

Слайд 2Bone Classification
Bone Classification:
Long Bones
Short Bones
Sesamoid Bones

Flat Bones
Irregular Bones
Wormian Bones (sutural)
(a)
(e)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Слайд 3Classification of Bones
Slide 5.4a
Long bones
Typically longer than wide
Have a shaft

with heads at both ends
Contain mostly compact bone
Examples: Femur, humerus

Слайд 4Classification of Bones
Slide 5.4b
Short bones
Generally cube-shape
Contain mostly spongy bone
Examples: Carpals,

Слайд 5Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Slide 5.4c
Figure 5.1

Слайд 6Classification of Bones
Slide 5.5a
Flat bones
Thin and flattened
Usually curved
Thin layers of

compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
Examples: Skull, ribs,

Слайд 7Classification of Bones
Slide 5.5b
Irregular bones
Irregular shape
Do not fit into other

bone classification categories
Example: Vertebrae and hip

Слайд 8Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Slide 5.5c
Figure 5.1

Слайд 9Parts of a Long Bone
Epiphysis
Distal
Proximal
Diaphysis
Metaphysis

Compact bone
Spongy bone
Articular cartilage
Periosteum
Endosteum
Medullary cavity

Слайд 10Microscopic Structure
Bone cells are called osteocytes
in a lacuna

Слайд 11Compact Bone
Osteon
Haversian System
Central canal
Perforating canal Volkmann’s canal

Osteocytes
Lamellae
Lacunae
Bone matrix
Canaliculi
Nerve
Osteon
Nerve
Nerve
Canaliculus
Osteocyte
Periosteum
Endosteum
Trabeculae
Pores
Bone matrix
Blood
vessels
Spongy
bone
Compact
bone
Compact
bone
Lacuna
(space)
Blood
vessels
Perforating
canal
Central canal
containing blood
vessels and

Слайд 12Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Slide 5.10b
Figure 5.3

Слайд 13Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Slide 5.11a
Lacunae
Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)
Arranged in

concentric rings
Lamellae
Rings around the central canal
Sites of lacunae
Figure 5.3

Слайд 14Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Slide 5.11b
Canaliculi
Tiny canals
Radiate from the central

canal to lacunae
Form a transport system
Figure 5.3

Слайд 15Bone Development and Growth
Parts of the skeletal system begin

Слайд 16Intramembranous Bones
Intramembranous Bones
These bones originate within sheetlike layers

of connective tissues
They are the broad, flat bones
Skull

Слайд 17Endochondral Bones
Endochondral Bones
Bones begin as hyaline cartilage
Form

models for future bones
These are most bones of the

Слайд 18Endochondral Ossification
Hyaline cartilage model
Primary ossification center
Secondary ossification

Слайд 19Bone Function
Bones shape, support, and protect body structures

Слайд 20Support, Protection, and Movement
Support, Movement & Protection
Gives shape

to head, etc.
Supports body’s weight
Protects lungs, etc.
Bones

Слайд 21Blood Cell Formation
Blood Cell Formation
Also known as hematopoiesis

Слайд 22Inorganic Salt Storage
Inorganic Salt Storage
Calcium
Phosphate
Magnesium

Sodium
Potassium

Слайд 23Skeletal Organization
The actual number of bones in the human

skeleton varies from person to person

Typically there are about

Слайд 24Divisions of the Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Skull
Spine

Rib cage
Appendicular Skeleton
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
Shoulder girdle

Слайд 25Skull
Is composed of the cranium (brain case) and the

Слайд 26Cranium
Sphenoid Bone (1)
Base of cranium
Sides of skull

Floors and sides of orbits
Sella turcica
Sphenoid sinuses
Transverse section
Lesser

Слайд 27Cranium
Ethmoid Bone (1)
Roof and walls of nasal cavity

Floor of cranium
Wall of orbits
Cribiform plates
Perpendicular plate

Слайд 28Facial Skeleton
Maxillary Bones (2)
Upper jaw
Anterior roof of

mouth
Floors of orbits
Sides of nasal cavity
Floors of

Слайд 29Facial Skeleton
Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal sinuses
Sphenoidal sinus
Maxillary sinus

Слайд 30Facial Skeleton
Palatine Bones (2)
‘L’ shaped bones located behind

the maxillae
Posterior section of hard palate
Floor of

Слайд 31Facial Skeleton
Zygomatic Bones (2)
Prominences of cheeks
Lateral walls

of orbits
Floors of orbits
Temporal process
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid

Слайд 32Facial Skeleton
Lacrimal Bones (2)
Medial walls of orbits
Groove

from orbit to nasal cavity
Nasal Bones (2)
Bridge of

Слайд 33Facial Skeleton
Vomer Bone (1)
Inferior portion of nasal septum
Coronal

suture
Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Palatine bone
Vomer bone
Alveolar processes
Inferior nasal concha
Maxilla
Palatine process of maxilla
Styloid

Слайд 34Facial Skeleton
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
Extend from lateral walls

of nasal cavity
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Palatine bone
Vomer bone
Alveolar processes
Inferior nasal

Слайд 35Facial Skeleton
Mandible Bone (1)
Lower jaw
Body
Ramus
Mandibular

condyle
Coronoid process
Alveolar process
Mandibular foramen
Mental foramen
Coronoid process
Mandibular foramen
Mandibular condyle
Ramus
Alveolar border
Mental

Слайд 36Vertebral Column
The vertebral column, or spinal column, consists of

Слайд 37Vertebral Column
Cervical vertebrae (7)
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
Lumbar vertebrae

(5)
Sacral (4-5 fused segments)
Sacrum is fused bone
Coccygeal

Слайд 38Vertebral Column
Cervical curvature
Thoracic curvature
Lumbar curvature
Sacral curvature

Rib facets
Vertebral prominens
Intervertebral discs (IVD)
Intervertebral foramina (IVF)
(b)
(a)
Cervical curvature
Thoracic curvature
Lumbar curvature
Lumbar vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae
Sacral curvature
Vertebra prominens
Rib

Слайд 39Typical Vertebrae
Includes the following parts:
Vertebral body
Pedicles
Lamina

Spinous process
Transverse processes
Vertebral foramen
Facets

Слайд 40Cervical Vertebrae
Atlas – 1st; supports head
Axis – 2nd;

dens pivots to turn head
Transverse foramina
Bifid spinous processes

Слайд 41Thoracic Vertebrae
Body
Superior
articular
process
Spinous
process
Transverse
process
Inferior articular
process
Intervertebral
disc
Anterior
Posterior
Body
Pedicle
Vertebral foramen
Superior articular process
Facet for tubercle of rib
Transverse

process
Lamina
Spinous process
Inferior articular
process
Intervertebral notch
Body
Pedicle
Superior
articular
process
Transverse
process
Facet for
tubercle of rib
Spinous
process
(a)
(c)
(b)
Long spinous processes

Слайд 42Lumbar Vertebrae
Large bodies
Thick, short spinous processes
(c) Lumbar vertebra
Lamina
Pedicle
Body
Vertebral

foramen
Spinous process
Superior articular process
Transverse process

Слайд 43Sacrum
4-5 fused segments
Median sacral crest
Posterior sacral foramina

Posterior wall of pelvic cavity
Sacral promontory aka base
Area

Слайд 44Coccyx
3-4 fused segments
Sacral canal
Tubercle of median sacral crest
Auricular surface
Posterior sacral foramen
Sacral hiatus
Coccyx
Sacrum
Superior articular process
Sacral

promontory
Anterior sacral foramen
(a)
(b)

Слайд 45Thoracic Cage
The thoracic cage includes the ribs, the thoracic

Слайд 46Thoracic Cage
Ribs (12)
Sternum
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
Costal cartilages

Supports shoulder girdle
and upper limbs
Protects viscera
Role in breathing
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
1
12
True

Слайд 47Ribs
Humans have 12 pairs of ribs:
True ribs (7)