Medical Academy named after S.I. Georgievsky of Vernadsky CFU

ANNA ZHUKOVA

respiratory tract infection in young children in both the community

and hospital setting.

and pneumonia in infants and young children [1]. Globally, it

is estimated that RSV causes over 30 million new acute lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) episodes annually, resulting in more than 3.4 million hospital admissions and199,000 deaths in children younger than 5 years of age [1]. One-third of RSV-related deaths occur in the first year of life, with 96 % of these deaths occurring in low-resource countries

BACKGROUND OF RSV

Korea) was used to screen for 7 respiratory viruses (Influenza

A, Influenza B, Metapneumovirus, RSV A/B, Rhinovirus A, Parainfluenza 1/2/3, Adenovirus) on nasopharyngeal aspirate or bronchoalveolar lavage specimens. Bacterial and viral co-pathogens were identified on blood, tracheal aspirate or urine specimens obtained at the discretion of the attending clinicians.

Laboratory diagnosis of RSV

tract infection were identified during the study period, January to

October 2012. Figure 1 shows the monthly distribution of community-acquired and nosocomial acute respiratory tract infection associated with RSV. Case detection peaked in May.

RESULTS OF RSV

(IQR: 1–4 days). As shown in Table 3, the commonest

presenting symptoms were cough 196 (86.7 %), difficulty in breathing (tight chest) 115 (50.9 %) and fever 91 (41.6 %). Wheezing was present in 20 (8.8 %) of the cases. With regards to the management of the patients, 170 (75.2 %) cases received supplemental oxygen, 89 (39.4 %) were admitted either in the intensive care or high care units while 59 (26.1 %) required assisted ventilation by continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or mechanical ventilation.

Clinical characteristics, management and outcome

and 45 (19.9 %) of the infections, respectively. There were

no mixed infections with both A and B groups. The prevalent genotypes were NA1 (n = 127, 70.1 %), ON1 (n = 45, 24.9 %) and NA2 (n = 9, 5.0 %) for groupA, while the only circulating RSV B genotype was BA4. Age, gender, need for assisted ventilation, HIV status and presence of co-pathogens were not associated with the RSV genotypes.

Genotype distribution and pattern of RSV infection

infection associated with RSV

age 6 months or older and pre-existing conditions. However, on

multivariate analysis age 6 months or older was the only factor independently associated with nosocomial infection with RSV (Table 6). The odds of nosocomial infection was 3.35 times higher in infants and children aged 6 months or older, compared to younger infants (adjusted OR = 3.35 (1.20–9.36); p = 0.02).

Factors associated with nosocomial RSV infection

rhinovirus (HRV) species and genotypes in Italian children with radiographically

confirmed community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), a nasopharyngeal swab was obtained from 643 children admitted to hospital because of CAP during five consecutive winter and early spring seasons (2007-2012). Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to identify HRV, and the HRV-positive samples were used for sequencing analysis and to reconstruct the phylogenetic tree

HUMAN RHINOVIRUS

the Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation of the University of

Milan during five consecutive years. The enrolment occurred between November 1 and April 30 in the years 2007-2008, 2008-2009, 2009-2010 and 2011-2011 and between November 1 and June 30 in 2011-2012. It was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. The written informed consent of a parent or legal guardian was required, and the older children were asked to give their assent.

Study population and samples

a Nuclisens EasyMAG automated extraction system (Biomeriéux, Craponne, France), and

the extracts were tested for respiratory viruses using the RVP Fast assay (Luminex Molecular Diagnostics Inc., Toronto, Canada) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The RVP Fast assay consists of a single multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with labelled primers, followed by the single-step hybridization of the PCR products with the fluorescent bead array and incubation with reporter reagents.

Nucleic acid extraction and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)

entire VP4 gene and the 5' terminus of the VP2

gene in the HRV-positive samples were amplified by means of a RT-PCR as previously described [6,14]. The PCR products were purified using the Wizard SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System (Promega, Milan, Italy), and then sequenced in both directions using the same forward and reverse primers as those used in the PCR. The nucleotide sequences were obtained by means of automated DNA sequencing using an ABI PRISM 3730 genetic analyser (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA)

Sequencing analysis, phylogeny and classification

were the most heterogenous, with an intra-species nucleotide p-distance of

0.25, which was greater than the p-distance within HRV-A (0.20) or HRV-B (0.21). Nucleotide variability was 37% between HRV-A and HRV-B, 37.3% between HRV-A and HRV-C, and 39.9% between HRV-B and HRV-C. Figure 2 shows the phylogenetic tree constructed on the basis of the VP4/VP2 region of the 151 sequences from this study and the references sequences.

many host species. To understand the genetic characteristics of P.

multocida strains isolated from different host species, we sequenced the genomic DNA of P. multocida isolated from pigs and analyzed the genetic characteristics of strains from avian species, bovine species, pigs, and rabbits using whole genome sequence (WGS) data. Our results found that a capsular: lipopolysaccharide (LPS): multilocus sequence typing (MLST) genotype A: L1: ST129 (43.75%) was predominant in avian P. multocida; while genotypes B: L2: ST122 (60.00%) and A: L3: ST79 (30.00%) were predominate in bovine P. multocida; genotype D: L6: ST50 (37.50%) in porcine P.

Pasteurellamultocida

whole genome sequencing in this study (Table 1). Most of

these strains were isolated from pigs with respiratory disorders in China (Peng et al., 2018), with the exception of strain HN04, which is a capsular type B isolate from a swine haemorrhagic septicaemia case. The capsular types and LPS genotypes of these 47 P. multocida isolates were determined through PCR assays, as described previously

multocida

species was predicted by analyzing the whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphisms

(WG-SNPs) as well as the set of SNPs present in all single-copy core genes across genomes (CG-SNPs). The WG-SNPs were identified by comparing each of the WGSs against the reference P. multocida ATCC 43137 genome sequence (GenBank accession NO. CP008918) using MAFFT (version 7.222) software (Katoh and Standley, 2013).

the 47 porcine P. multocida isolates. The data filter strategy

produced approximately 701.86~1589.23 Mb clean data for assembly. Sequences assembled using SPAdes v3.9.0 (Bankevich et al., 2012) generated approximately 18~66 contigs for the 47 porcine P. multocida isolates, with an average of 25 contigs for each strain.

Results