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New English: Development of the National English Language (1475 – 1660)

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The basis of the English national language One of the major characteristic features of a nation is the national language. It rises above all territorial and social dialects and unites

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Слайд 1New English: Development of the National English Language (1475 – 1660)

New English: Development of the National English Language (1475 – 1660)

Слайд 2 The basis of the English national language
One of the major

characteristic features of a nation is the national language. It

rises above all territorial and social dialects and unites the whole nation.
The basis of the English national language One of the major characteristic features of a nation

Слайд 3As a rule the national language develops on the basis

of a territorial dialect which under certain historical (economic, political

and cultural) conditions becomes generally recognized as a means of communication.

As a rule the national language develops on the basis of a territorial dialect which under certain

Слайд 4The English national language has developed on the basis of

the dialect of London. After the Norman conquest London became

the political and cultural centre of England.
The English national language has developed on the basis of the dialect of London. After the Norman

Слайд 5As London was situated on both banks of the Thames,

its dialect had both Southern and East Midland elements. But

gradually the East Midland dialect took the upper hand.
As London was situated on both banks of the Thames, its dialect had both Southern and East

Слайд 6The prestige of the dialect was great because East Midland

was the most populated and the most developed district. It

was the seat of the two universities: Oxford and Cambridge.

The prestige of the dialect was great because East Midland was the most populated and the most

Слайд 7The influence of the first printers in fixing and spreading

the written form of English was outstanding. The language they

used was the London literary English established since the age of Chaucer and slightly modified.
The influence of the first printers in fixing and spreading the written form of English was outstanding.

Слайд 8With relatively cheap printed books available to a greater number

of readers, the London dialect was spread to other regions

and was imitated in the written works produced all over England.

With relatively cheap printed books available to a greater number of readers, the London dialect was spread

Слайд 9Caxton’s spelling was more normalized that the spelling of the

manuscripts. Caxton’s spelling was accepted as standard and often remained

unchanged to the present day in spite of the drastic changes in pronunciation.

Caxton’s spelling was more normalized that the spelling of the manuscripts. Caxton’s spelling was accepted as standard

Слайд 10The effect of printing on the development of the language

was so great that the date of publication of the

1-st English book (Caxton’s translation of the story of Troy, printed in Bruges) 1475 is a turning point in the English linguistic history and denotes the start of a new period – New English.

The effect of printing on the development of the language was so great that the date of

Слайд 11The Written Standard
The growth of the national literary language and

fixation of its Written Standard is connected with the flourishing

of literature (English Literary Renaissance).

The Written StandardThe growth of the national literary language and fixation of its Written Standard is connected

Слайд 12The beginning of the literary efflorescence goes back to the

16-th century. This age of literary flourishing is called “the

age of Shakespeare” (also Elizabethan age).
The beginning of the literary efflorescence goes back to the 16-th century. This age of literary flourishing

Слайд 13The most notable figures were Thomas More (1478 – 1535)

and William Tyndale, the translator of the Bible.

The most notable figures were Thomas More (1478 – 1535) and William Tyndale, the translator of the

Слайд 14 The main work by Thomas More is “Utopia” (1516).

It was written in Latin and was first translated in

to English in 1551.

 The main work by Thomas More is “Utopia” (1516). It was written in Latin and was

Слайд 15 William Tyndale completed his new English translation of the

Bible in 1526. He made a great influence not only

on the language of the church but also on literary prose and on the spoken language.

 William Tyndale completed his new English translation of the Bible in 1526. He made a great

Слайд 16 William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) was the chief of

the Elizabethan dramatists who influenced every age and every country.

The first collected edition of his plays was the Folio (1623). His works give an ideal representation of the literary language of his day.
 William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) was the chief of the Elizabethan dramatists who influenced every age

Слайд 17His vast vocabulary (over 20 thousand words), freedom in creating

new words and new meanings, diverse grammatical construction reflect the

fundamental properties of the language of the period.

His vast vocabulary (over 20 thousand words), freedom in creating new words and new meanings, diverse grammatical

Слайд 18 Early NE Written Accounts. The number of the written

matter of the Early NE period is far greater than

that of the OE or ME periods. In addition to the writings of a literary, philosophical, theological or official character there are many private papers.
 Early NE Written Accounts. The number of the written matter of the Early NE period is

Слайд 19Family archives contain papers written both by educated and by

uncultivated people. The earliest collections of letters are the Paston

letters (1430 – 1470) and the Cely Papers. Both are in the East Midland dialect of the late Middle English.
Family archives contain papers written both by educated and by uncultivated people. The earliest collections of letters

Слайд 20Numerous private letters of the 16-th century give a fair

picture of colloquial speech.

Numerous private letters of the 16-th century give a fair picture of colloquial speech.

Слайд 21The renewed interest in living languages in the 16-th and

the 17-th centuries led to the appearance of one more

kind of printed matter: books of instructions for pupils and didactic works.

The renewed interest in living languages in the 16-th and the 17-th centuries led to the appearance

Слайд 22 The first dictionaries. The swift development of international trade

created a demand for dictionaries. Bilingual dictionaries appeared in the

16-th century. The first English-English explanatory dictionary was compiled in 1604 by Robert Cawdrey (small, 3 thousand words).

 The first dictionaries. The swift development of international trade created a demand for dictionaries. Bilingual dictionaries

Слайд 23Towards the end of the Early NE (mid. 17-th) one

of the forms of the national language, its Written Standard

was established. In the 15-th and the 16-th centuries the speech of London became more mixed due to the intermixture of the population.

Towards the end of the Early NE (mid. 17-th) one of the forms of the national language,

Слайд 24The Written Standard of the early 17-th century was less

stabilized and normalized than the literary standards of later ages.


The Written Standard of the early 17-th century was less stabilized and normalized than the literary standards

Слайд 25The writings of the Renaissance show a wide range of

variation (in spelling, grammar forms and word-building devices, syntactic patterns).


The writings of the Renaissance show a wide range of variation (in spelling, grammar forms and word-building

Слайд 26The existence of a prestige form of English in Early

NE (a sort of standard) is confirmed by the statements

of contemporary scholars.

The existence of a prestige form of English in Early NE (a sort of standard) is confirmed

Слайд 27 Grammars of English. This period was followed by the

period of “fixing the language”. Correctness and simplicity was of

great importance at that age.
 Grammars of English. This period was followed by the period of “fixing the language”. Correctness and

Слайд 28In 1664 the Royal Society appointed a special committee for

“improving the English tongue”.

In 1664 the Royal Society appointed a special committee for “improving the English tongue”.

Слайд 29Many new grammars of English were compiled in this age.

For example: J. Wallis’s Grammatica Linguae Anglicane (1653) won European

fame.

Many new grammars of English were compiled in this age. For example: J. Wallis’s Grammatica Linguae Anglicane

Слайд 30 The Spoken Standard
The written standard was probably fixed and recognized

by the beginning of the 17-th century. The next stage

in the growth of the national literary language was the development of the Spoken Standard.

The Spoken Standard The written standard was probably fixed and recognized by the beginning of the

Слайд 31Obviously in the 18-th century the speech of educated people

differed from common people – in pronunciation, the choice of

words, in the use of grammar construction.
Obviously in the 18-th century the speech of educated people differed from common people – in pronunciation,

Слайд 32Different works on language gave recommendations how to improve oral

speech. So they testified to the existence of recognized norms

of educated spoken English.
Different works on language gave recommendations how to improve oral speech. So they testified to the existence

Слайд 33The emergence of the Spoken Standard goes back to the

late 17-th century. Some scholars refer it only to the

end of the 18-th century.
The emergence of the Spoken Standard goes back to the late 17-th century. Some scholars refer it

Слайд 34The concept of Spoken Standard doesn’t mean the absolute uniformity

of speech. Such uniformity can never be achieved.

The concept of Spoken Standard doesn’t mean the absolute uniformity of speech. Such uniformity can never be

Слайд 35It means a more or less uniform type of speech

used by educated people and taught as “correct English” at

schools and universities.

It means a more or less uniform type of speech used by educated people and taught as

Слайд 36Thus by the end of the 18-th century the formation

of national literary English language may be regarded as completed

as it possessed both a written and a spoken standard.

Thus by the end of the 18-th century the formation of national literary English language may be

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