Слайд 1Psychoactive substances and drugs. Antidepressants
Zvereva Mila
school of pharmacy
Слайд 2Overview
10700 y.a. – The betel nut was chewed in Thailand
7000 y.a. – Coca was being used in the Andes
Before
European contact – Native Americans used tobacco
Слайд 3Legality
The resolution of the government of Russian Federation N 681 (30.06.1998)
1) list I: mescaline and its derivatives, hashish, heroin, marijuana,
methadone, MMDA, opium, psilocybin , psilocin, ephedrine, etc.
2) list II: codeine, cocaine, morphine, ethylmorphine, omnopon, fentanyl, promedol, etc.
3) list III: barbital, nitrazepam, diazepam, taren, etc.
4) list IV:ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, acetone, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium permanganate, acetic acid, etc.
Слайд 4Mechanisms and effects
Agonists:
increasing the synthesis of one or more neurotransmitters
reducing its reuptake from the synapses
mimicking the action by binding directly to the postsynaptic receptor
Antagonists:
interfering with synthesis
blocking postsynaptic receptors
Слайд 7Addiction
psychological dependence
physical dependence
Слайд 8Usage
Anxiolytics
Example: Benzodiazepine
Euphoriants
Example: MDMA (Ecstasy), MDA, 6-APB, Indopan
Stimulants ("uppers")
Examples: amphetamine, caffeine, cocaine, nicotine
Depressants ("downers"), including sedatives, hypnotics, and narcotics.
Examples: ethanol (alcoholic beverages), opioids, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
Hallucinogens, including
psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants
Examples: psilocybin, LSD, Salvia divinorum and nitrous oxide
Слайд 10Recreation
alcohol –in most areas of the world it is legal for
those over a certain age
tobacco – a legal drug
cannabis
caffeine - a legal
drug, contained in coffee, tea, energy drinsks, and some soft drinks
MDMA
cocaine
amphetamines – prescribed for ADHD
psilocybin mushrooms
LSD –banned in October 1968 by US President Lyndon B Johnson.
opiates and opioids – available by prescription.
tranquilizers – barbiturates, benzodiazepines - commonly prescribed for anxiety
nitrous oxide - legal
ketamine – used by paramedics in emergency situations for its dissociative and analgesic qualities
amyl nitrite – a vasodilator (legal)
other drugs (antidepressants, tranquilizers, analgesics, etc)
Слайд 11Pharmacoyherapy
Anesthesia
Pain management
Mental disorders
Слайд 12Depression and Antidepressants
Key facts:
Depression is a common mental disorder. Globally,
more than 350 million people of all ages suffer from
depression
Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, and is a major contributor to the global burden of disease
More women are affected by depression than men
At its worst, depression can lead to suicide
There are effective treatments for depression
Слайд 13Drugs used for the treatment of depression:
Selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors (SSRIs)
Serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
Atypical antidepressants
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
(MAOIs)
St. John’s wort ( Hypericum perforatum)
Слайд 14Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs
Citalopram (Celexa)
Escitalopram (Lexapro)
Fluoxetine (Prozac)
Paroxetine (Paxil)
Sertraline
(Zoloft)
Vilazodone (Viibryd)
Vortioxetine (Brintellix)
Слайд 15Serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, SNRIs
Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)
Duloxetine (Cymbalta)
Venlafaxine (Effexor, Effexor XR)
Levomilnacipran (Fetzima)
Слайд 16Other Antidepressants
Bupropion (Wellbutrin)
Mirtazapine (Remeron, Remeron SolTab)
Trazodone (Desyrel, Oleptro)
Слайд 17Tricyclic antidepressants, TCAs
Amitriptyline (Elavil)
Desipramine (Norpramin)
Imipramine (Tofranil)
Clomipramine (Anafranil)
Nortriptyline (Pamelor)
Protriptyline (Vivactil)
Doxepin (Sinequan,
Silenor)
Trimipramine (Surmontil)
Amoxapine
Слайд 18Monoamine oxidase inhibitors,MAO Is
Selegiline transdermal patch (Emsam)
Tranylcypromine (Parnate)
Phenelzine (Nardil)
Isocarboxazid (Marplan)
Слайд 19Herbals
Hypericum perforatum (St John's Wort)