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The Development of English Word-Stock in the XII-XVII cen

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Scandinavian InfluenceSk: sky, skin, skill, skirt, (OE scyrte – shirt);Retention of the hard pronunciation of k and g: kid, dike (gitch), get, givePlace names: (600 place): Derby, Rugby (districts occupied by

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Слайд 1The Development of English Word-Stock in the XII-XVII cen.
Middle English

lexicon:
a) Scandinavian borrowings
b) French words
c) Latin borrowings
d) Words from Low

countries
2. Early Modern English lexicon
The Development of English Word-Stock in the XII-XVII cen.Middle English lexicon:a) Scandinavian borrowingsb) French wordsc) Latin borrowingsd)

Слайд 2Scandinavian Influence
Sk: sky, skin, skill, skirt, (OE scyrte – shirt);
Retention

of the hard pronunciation of k and g: kid, dike

(gitch), get, give
Place names: (600 place): Derby, Rugby (districts occupied by Danes)
Nouns: root, trust, want, window
Verbs: get, give, die, crawl, raise
Scandinavian InfluenceSk: sky, skin, skill, skirt, (OE scyrte – shirt);Retention of the hard pronunciation of k and

Слайд 4French borrowings (2 stages)
1066 – 1250 (900 in number)
1250 –

1500

French borrowings (2 stages)1066 – 1250 (900 in number)1250 – 1500

Слайд 51066-1250
a) French speaking nobility: noble, dame, servant
b) Literary channels (Charlemagne’s

romances): story, rime, lay
c) Church terms

1066-1250a) French speaking nobility: noble, dame, servantb) Literary channels (Charlemagne’s romances): story, rime, layc) Church terms

Слайд 61250-1500
Government and Administrative terms:
government, administer,
a) Fundamental terms:
crown, state, empire,

realm, reign, royal, tax, parliament, subsidy.
b) Titles of offices:
office, treasurer
c)

Economic organization of the society:
peasant, slave, servant

1250-1500Government and Administrative terms:government, administer, a) Fundamental terms:crown, state, empire, realm, reign, royal, tax, parliament, subsidy.b) Titles

Слайд 12Ecclesiastical Words:
religion, theology, baptism, confession, prayer, lesson, passion.
Indications of rank

or class: clergy, clerk, dean, abbess
The names of objects associated

with religion: crucifix, image
Fundamental religious or theological concepts: salvation, virgin
Ecclesiastical Words:religion, theology, baptism, confession, prayer, lesson, passion.Indications of rank or class: clergy, clerk, dean, abbessThe names

Слайд 13Law
Names of crimes and misdemeanors: felony, arson, larceny, fraud
Suits,

involving property: estate, bounds, property
Adjectives: just, innocent.

Law Names of crimes and misdemeanors: felony, arson, larceny, fraudSuits, involving property: estate, bounds, propertyAdjectives: just, innocent.

Слайд 14Army and Navy:
Navy, arms, battle, defense, soldier, spy, guard
Weapon: dart,

lance
Verbs: to arm, to array, to defend

Army and Navy:Navy, arms, battle, defense, soldier, spy, guardWeapon: dart, lanceVerbs: to arm, to array, to defend

Слайд 15Fashion, Meals and Social Life
Gown, robe, frock, collar, embroidery
Verbs: adorn,
Collors:

blue, brown, scarlet;
Dinner, supper, feast.

Fashion, Meals and Social LifeGown, robe, frock, collar, embroideryVerbs: adorn,Collors: blue, brown, scarlet;Dinner, supper, feast.

Слайд 16Art, learning, medicine
Art: art, painting, music, image, beauty
Literature: poet, romance,

chapter
Medicine: physician, surgeon, malady

Art, learning, medicineArt: art, painting, music, image, beautyLiterature: poet, romance, chapterMedicine: physician, surgeon, malady

Слайд 25Latin Borrowings (third period):
Intellect, legal, limbo, zenith
Terms relating to law,

medicine, theology, science, literature: -able, -ible, -ent, -al, -ous, -ive.


Aureate terms: unusual words: equipolent

Latin Borrowings (third period):Intellect, legal, limbo, zenithTerms relating to law, medicine, theology, science, literature: -able, -ible, -ent,

Слайд 29Synonyms of three levels:
Deed – exploit
Take – apprehend

Synonyms of three levels:Deed – exploitTake – apprehend

Слайд 30Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct

change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) started, with vowels

being pronounced shorter and shorter. From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world.

Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift)

Слайд 31Words from Low Countries: Flemish, Dutch, Low German
trade: (Flemish)
navigation (Dutch

and Low German)
deck, freight, dollar


Words from Low Countries: Flemish, Dutch, Low Germantrade: (Flemish)navigation (Dutch and Low German)deck, freight, dollar

Слайд 32French:
Classical languages: free borrowing and reconstitution of roots and affixes

often in combination with native words and other loans; many

Latin borrowings were doublets of words previously borrowed from French or Latin (invidious/envious, camera/chamber, paralysis/palsy, fragile/frail); Greek loans were highly specialized, scholarly words (anarchy, aorist, aphrodisiac)
French:Classical languages: free borrowing and reconstitution of roots and affixes often in combination with native words and

Слайд 33Lat: factum, French: fait, English: feat
Verbs (Lat. or French?) explore,

destroy.

Lat: factum, French: fait, English: featVerbs (Lat. or French?) explore, destroy.

Слайд 34French, many borrowings in specialized words (hospitable, gratitude, sociable); Italian,

terms in trade, architecture, the arts (tariff, sonata, oratorio, balcony,

ghetto); Spanish and Portuguese, terms related to exploration, colonization, exotic products (Spanish: cigar, potato, tomato, hammock, breeze, cockroach; Portuguese: mango, tank, yam, molasses); Dutch, terms in trade, seafaring, painting (cruise, yacht, landscape, sketch, brandy, uproar); German, terms in geology, mining, etc. (quartz, zinc, noodle, plunder, waltz); Celtic (leprechaun, plaid, shamrock, trousers, whiskey).
French, many borrowings in specialized words (hospitable, gratitude, sociable); Italian, terms in trade, architecture, the arts (tariff,

Слайд 35Romance Languages
French (books): chocolate, detail, progress
Italian: balcony, algebra, design, violin,

volcano
Spanish and Portuguese: anchovy, armada, apricot, tobacco

Romance LanguagesFrench (books): chocolate, detail, progressItalian: balcony, algebra, design, violin, volcanoSpanish and Portuguese: anchovy, armada, apricot, tobacco

Слайд 36Non-Indo-European Languages
English settlements in North America, borrowings mostly from

from Algonquian languages, cultural terms, names of plants, animals, objects

(moose, raccoon, skunk, hominy, pecan, squash); Asian languages, Chinese (ketchup, tea, ginseng), Japanese (soy, sake), Hindi (jungle, shampoo, bandanna)
Non-Indo-European Languages English settlements in North America, borrowings mostly from from Algonquian languages, cultural terms, names of

Слайд 37Word Formation
affixing was the largest source of new words in

English; new derivational affixes from Latin and Greek;
compounding (buttercup,

jellyfish, nutcracker, pickpocket, good-looking, old-fashioned);
functional shift or zero derivation (noun to verb: badger, capture, pioneer);
Word Formationaffixing was the largest source of new words in English; new derivational affixes from Latin and

Слайд 38clipping (arrear > rear);
back-formation (greedy > greed, difficulty >

difficult, unity > unit);
blending (dumb + confound > dumfound);
proper

names>common nouns (Fauna > fauna);
clipping (arrear > rear); back-formation (greedy > greed, difficulty > difficult, unity > unit); blending (dumb +

Слайд 39echoic words (boohoo, boom, bump, bah, blurt);
folk etymology (Dutch

oproer [up + motion] > uproar); verb + adverb (take-out

pick up);
reduplication (so-so, mama, papa);
words of unknown origin (baffle, chubby, lazy, pet, sleazy)
echoic words (boohoo, boom, bump, bah, blurt); folk etymology (Dutch oproer [up + motion] > uproar); verb

Слайд 40Varieties of English
From around 1600, the English colonization of North

America resulted in the creation of a distinct American variety

of English.
Varieties of EnglishFrom around 1600, the English colonization of North America resulted in the creation of a

Слайд 41In some ways, American English is more like the English

of Shakespeare than modern British English is. Some expressions that

the British call "Americanisms" are in fact original British expressions that were preserved in the colonies while lost for a time in Britain (for example trash for rubbish, loan as a verb instead of lend, and fall for autumn; another example, frame-up, was re-imported into Britain through Hollywood gangster movies).
In some ways, American English is more like the English of Shakespeare than modern British English is.

Слайд 42Spanish also had an influence on American English (and subsequently

British English), with words like canyon, ranch, stampede and vigilante

being examples of Spanish words that entered English through the settlement of the American West. French words (through Louisiana) and West African words (through the slave trade) also influenced American English (and so, to an extent, British English).
Spanish also had an influence on American English (and subsequently British English), with words like canyon, ranch,

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