Слайд 1The Development of English Word-Stock in the XII-XVII cen.
Middle English
lexicon:
a) Scandinavian borrowings
b) French words
c) Latin borrowings
d) Words from Low
countries
2. Early Modern English lexicon
Слайд 2Scandinavian Influence
Sk: sky, skin, skill, skirt, (OE scyrte – shirt);
Retention
of the hard pronunciation of k and g: kid, dike
(gitch), get, give
Place names: (600 place): Derby, Rugby (districts occupied by Danes)
Nouns: root, trust, want, window
Verbs: get, give, die, crawl, raise
Слайд 4French borrowings (2 stages)
1066 – 1250 (900 in number)
1250 –
1500
Слайд 51066-1250
a) French speaking nobility: noble, dame, servant
b) Literary channels (Charlemagne’s
romances): story, rime, lay
c) Church terms
Слайд 61250-1500
Government and Administrative terms:
government, administer,
a) Fundamental terms:
crown, state, empire,
realm, reign, royal, tax, parliament, subsidy.
b) Titles of offices:
office, treasurer
c)
Economic organization of the society:
peasant, slave, servant
Слайд 12Ecclesiastical Words:
religion, theology, baptism, confession, prayer, lesson, passion.
Indications of rank
or class: clergy, clerk, dean, abbess
The names of objects associated
with religion: crucifix, image
Fundamental religious or theological concepts: salvation, virgin
Слайд 13Law
Names of crimes and misdemeanors: felony, arson, larceny, fraud
Suits,
involving property: estate, bounds, property
Adjectives: just, innocent.
Слайд 14Army and Navy:
Navy, arms, battle, defense, soldier, spy, guard
Weapon: dart,
lance
Verbs: to arm, to array, to defend
Слайд 15Fashion, Meals and Social Life
Gown, robe, frock, collar, embroidery
Verbs: adorn,
Collors:
blue, brown, scarlet;
Dinner, supper, feast.
Слайд 16Art, learning, medicine
Art: art, painting, music, image, beauty
Literature: poet, romance,
chapter
Medicine: physician, surgeon, malady
Слайд 25Latin Borrowings (third period):
Intellect, legal, limbo, zenith
Terms relating to law,
medicine, theology, science, literature: -able, -ible, -ent, -al, -ous, -ive.
Aureate terms: unusual words: equipolent
Слайд 29Synonyms of three levels:
Deed – exploit
Take – apprehend
Слайд 30Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct
change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) started, with vowels
being pronounced shorter and shorter. From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world.
Слайд 31Words from Low Countries: Flemish, Dutch, Low German
trade: (Flemish)
navigation (Dutch
and Low German)
deck, freight, dollar
Слайд 32French:
Classical languages: free borrowing and reconstitution of roots and affixes
often in combination with native words and other loans; many
Latin borrowings were doublets of words previously borrowed from French or Latin (invidious/envious, camera/chamber, paralysis/palsy, fragile/frail); Greek loans were highly specialized, scholarly words (anarchy, aorist, aphrodisiac)
Слайд 33Lat: factum, French: fait, English: feat
Verbs (Lat. or French?) explore,
destroy.
Слайд 34French, many borrowings in specialized words (hospitable, gratitude, sociable); Italian,
terms in trade, architecture, the arts (tariff, sonata, oratorio, balcony,
ghetto); Spanish and Portuguese, terms related to exploration, colonization, exotic products (Spanish: cigar, potato, tomato, hammock, breeze, cockroach; Portuguese: mango, tank, yam, molasses); Dutch, terms in trade, seafaring, painting (cruise, yacht, landscape, sketch, brandy, uproar); German, terms in geology, mining, etc. (quartz, zinc, noodle, plunder, waltz); Celtic (leprechaun, plaid, shamrock, trousers, whiskey).
Слайд 35Romance Languages
French (books): chocolate, detail, progress
Italian: balcony, algebra, design, violin,
volcano
Spanish and Portuguese: anchovy, armada, apricot, tobacco
Слайд 36Non-Indo-European Languages
English settlements in North America, borrowings mostly from
from Algonquian languages, cultural terms, names of plants, animals, objects
(moose, raccoon, skunk, hominy, pecan, squash); Asian languages, Chinese (ketchup, tea, ginseng), Japanese (soy, sake), Hindi (jungle, shampoo, bandanna)
Слайд 37Word Formation
affixing was the largest source of new words in
English; new derivational affixes from Latin and Greek;
compounding (buttercup,
jellyfish, nutcracker, pickpocket, good-looking, old-fashioned);
functional shift or zero derivation (noun to verb: badger, capture, pioneer);
Слайд 38clipping (arrear > rear);
back-formation (greedy > greed, difficulty >
difficult, unity > unit);
blending (dumb + confound > dumfound);
proper
names>common nouns (Fauna > fauna);
Слайд 39echoic words (boohoo, boom, bump, bah, blurt);
folk etymology (Dutch
oproer [up + motion] > uproar); verb + adverb (take-out
pick up);
reduplication (so-so, mama, papa);
words of unknown origin (baffle, chubby, lazy, pet, sleazy)
Слайд 40Varieties of English
From around 1600, the English colonization of North
America resulted in the creation of a distinct American variety
of English.
Слайд 41In some ways, American English is more like the English
of Shakespeare than modern British English is. Some expressions that
the British call "Americanisms" are in fact original British expressions that were preserved in the colonies while lost for a time in Britain (for example trash for rubbish, loan as a verb instead of lend, and fall for autumn; another example, frame-up, was re-imported into Britain through Hollywood gangster movies).
Слайд 42Spanish also had an influence on American English (and subsequently
British English), with words like canyon, ranch, stampede and vigilante
being examples of Spanish words that entered English through the settlement of the American West. French words (through Louisiana) and West African words (through the slave trade) also influenced American English (and so, to an extent, British English).