THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL THOUGHT Part II

(France)
Francois Marie Arouet - Voltaire (France)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (France)
Immanuel Kant (Germany)
Georg

Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (Germany)

A strong supporter of the government and the absolute monarchy
He

believed that citizens are able to do on your own that is not prohibited by law

should deal with educational activities
State should develop production (agriculture, shipping,

trade)
Government should force people to physical work

offered to share power between the legislative, executive and federal
He

put forward the position of the duty of all citizens, without exception, to obey (бағыну/подчиняться) the laws of society
He put forward the idea of ​​personal freedom, the right to life and property
This was due to one of the foundations of the ideology of bourgeois liberalism

separation of powers: with the legislative, executive and judicial
He combined

the concept of freedom with the idea of ​​securing the constitutional mechanism of separation of powers
The idea of ​​freedom, civil rights and separation of powers, based Montesquieu, have been embodied (еңгізу/закреплять) in the constitutions of France, the U.S. and many other countries

members of the ideological and political movement, known as "Enlightenment"

This thinkers have criticized the feudal order and promote the interests of the emerging bourgeois class
They believed in the potential of the human mind and the science in the restructuring of society
They have done a lot to free science from the power of religion and the use of scientific achievements
Enlightenment thinkers made great contributions to the development of both the natural and social sciences

feudal system
Outstanding representative of the Enlightenment in France
For criticizing the

government, he twice was sent to the Bastille
He spent a lot of time abroad
Voltaire's ideas on policy and law played a major role in the future bourgeois revolution in France

of:
Equality
 Freedom
Private property
Voltaire at the same time was refusing to poor

people in the equality of political rights
Speaking against absolutism, he was a supporter of the power of the enlightened monarch

the interests of the petty (ұсақ/мелкий) bourgeoisie and the peasantry
He

railed (қарсы шығу/выступать против) against the private property
He criticized the feudal system
He criticized the growing capitalism
He opposed industrial civilization lifestyle free landowners

that would represent an equal association of free individuals, or

a republic
He was a proponent of direct democracy in which all citizens have the opportunity to influence public policy
He insisted on the right of citizens to participate in making laws.
Rousseau's ideas of equality and democracy contributed to the awakening of the revolutionary process in France

Jacobins - Robespierre, Marat, Danton, Saint-Just for the struggle against

the feudal system
Rousseau's ideas were embodied in the Declaration of human rights and the citizens and other acts of the modern French Republic

made a huge contribute to world political science
He put

forward a theoretical basis for the ancient philosophers - Plato and Cicero - the idea of ​​the rule of law
He emphasized the supremacy of legal laws
He has linked the idea of rule of law (құқықтық елдің мүддесі/идея правового государства) with the moral condition of a civil society

a system of political institutions and autonomous organizations working to

protect the interests of the individual and groups
He paid great attention to the role of individual and group interests in political life and civil society development
The state, according to Hegel, is a system of general interest, civil society - a system of private interest
The basic principle of relationships in the community, according to Hegel, was individualism