Theme 2. Main stages of formation and development of social and political

and political science

ruled.
Man is a social being and therefore the institution

of the State is necessary and beneficial for him.
Politics is not a profession but an art. The ruler should be well versed in the art of politics.
The state is a natural institution.

Laws (350 BC)
Everyone in Plato’s Ideal State was assigned

a place in society according to one’s natural skills, and these three social classes performed without interfering with the functions to the others (“one class, one duty; one man, one work”).

democracy and tyranny






.

unlawful states

God and the earthly city, are distinguished by two loves,

love of God and (misdirected) love of self, and by two destinies, heaven and hell. Augustine's most famous contribution to theology was the doctrine of predestination.

according to Thomas, is a mixed government combining elements of

democracy, aristocracy and kingship.

on the First Ten Books of Titus Livy (1513–17),
The

Art of War (1521),
The Florentine History (1525),
The Prince (1513)

how a new prince should act to establish himself in

a recently conquered princedom, and a good deal of the advice is about the use of violence and deceit.
Machiavelli famously proposes that a prince must learn how to imitate both the lion and the fox, learning how to recognize traps as does the fox and to frighten away wolves as does the lion.

every man against every man,”

people had to hand over their rights to a strong

ruler. In exchange, they gained law and order. Hobbes called this agreement by which people created a government the social contract.

natural rights— life, liberty, and property.
The purpose of government,

said Locke, is to protect these rights.
If a government fails to do so, citizens have a right
to overthrow it.
His belief that a government’s power comes from the consent of the people is the foundation of modern democracy.

liberty.
Montesquieu proposed that separation of powers would keep any

individual or group from gaining total control of the government.

The Law of Three Stages.
The first was the theological

stage where people took a religious view of society.
The second was the metaphysical stage where people understood society as natural (not supernatural).
final stage was the scientific or positivist stage, which he believed to be the pinnacle of social development.

early 20th centuries include Karl Marx, Herbert Spencer, Ferdinand Toennies,

Emile Durkheim, Vilfredo Pareto, and Max Weber.

The first book with the term Sociology in its title was written in the mid-19th century by the English philosopher Herbert Spencer.