TRANSLATION STUDIES IN FRANCE AND CANADA

Canada
Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet
Georges Mounin
Danica Seleskovitch and Marianne Lederer.

The Interpretive Theory
Jean Delisle
Judith Woodsworth

Act of 1867 - The British North America Act
English-Canadian and

Quebec literary production

Association
Ellipse (1969), Meta (1966), and TTR (1987)
Philip Stratford's 1977 Bibliography of Canadian Books in Translation:

French to English and English to French

Wales, Edinburgh and Manchester
1938-39 at Harvard
1940 Canada McGill University
Bowdoin

College and Laval University

1937 French army 1939-40 liaison officer with the British Expeditionary

Forces 1946 Canada the University of Montréal professor and head of the department of Linguistics and Translation the bilingual Canadian Dictionary 1962 a television course Speaking French 1967 the University of Victoria in British Columbia

translating
Borrowing
Calque
literal translation

one (e.g. a new technical process, unknown concept)
borrowing is

the simplest of all translation method
Many borrowings enter a language through translation, just like semantic borrowings or faux amis, whose pitfalls translators must carefully avoid.

language borrows an expression form of another, but then translates

literally each of its elements.

lexical loan
structural loan

the direct transfer of a source text into a grammatically

and idiomatically appropriate target language text in which the translator’s task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitude of the target text.

in the ST to another in the TT),
modulation (change in

semantics and point of view)
equivalence (different languages describing a situation by different means, e.g. idioms)
adaptation (changing cultural reference). 

in the SL
reconstruction of metalinguistic context
stylistic analysis
production and revision of

TT.

Belles infidèles. Essai sur la traduction 1955
Les Problèmes théoriques de

la traduction, 1963
La Machine à traduire, 1964.
Linguistique et traduction, 1976.

Études traductologiques : en hommage à Danica Seleskovitch, textes réunis par

Marianne Lederer, Lettres modernes, 1990.
Fortunato Israël et Marianne Lederer (eds) La Théorie Interprétative de la Traduction (Vol. I: genèse et développement, Vol.II. convergences, mises en perspectives, Vol.III. de la formation ... à la pratique professionnelle), lettres modernes minard, 2005.
Anne-Marie Widlund-Fantini, Danica Seleskovitch - Interprète et témoin du XXe siècle, éditions de l'Age d'Homme, 2007

founded the interpretation wing of the École Supérieure d’Interprètes et

de Traducteurs (ESIT) at the University of Paris

a more or less mechanical activity consisting in a series

of encoding and decoding operations.
“It is not the oral translation of words” - interpreting/interpretation is a complex and demanding activity: “it uncovers a meaning and makes it explicit for others.
Interpretation is communication, i.e. analysis of the original message and its conversion.

linguistic utterance which carries meaning. Apprehension of the language and

comprehension of the message through a process of analysis and exegesis.
2. Immediate and deliberate discarding of the wording and retention of the mental representation of the message (concepts, ideas, etc.)
3. Production of a new utterance in the target language which must meet a dual requirement: it must express the original message in its entirety and it must be geared to the recipient.”

only on us but also on the person we are

addressing and on the context in which we both find ourselves.”

verbatim memory retains words

interpreting, i.e. consecutive or simultaneous, owing to the oral nature

of the message. In simultaneous, however, it seems impossible to achieve.
Simultaneous interpreting makes it almost impossible for the interpreter to dissociate source language from target language. Being intensely exposed to the former and having to produce the latter almost instantly, the interpreter has no time to process meaning and therefore he is most liable to translate words instead of meaning.

language;
c) conceptualizing (building a cognitive reminiscence by integrating sequences

of connected speech into pre-existing knowledge);
d) enunciating (what has been stored in the substantive memory);
e) getting/being aware of the interpreting situation;
f) checking audio-equipment;
g) transferring;
h) recalling of particular signifiers

related knowledge. If such knowledge is absent the new information

is ignore
The Interpretive Theory is built upon four pillars:
1) command of the native language,
2) command of the source language,
3) command of relevant world and background knowledge,
4) command of interpreting methodology.

an understanding of sense (language meaning + cognitive complements) and

a formulation of the translation on the basis of the synecdoche principle
synecdoche
A part of something may stand for the whole.
A single item may represent a whole group.
A concept may represent a connected concept.

of Ottawa

According to the function of the source text - pragmatic

translation and literary translation
b) According to the degree of specialization in the source text - general translation and specialized translation
c) According to the general purpose of translating - academic translation and professional translation
d) According to the translation approach used in producing the target text - transcoding and translation (proper)

John Benjamins
 Ph.D (born 1948) Paris
BA in French and Philosophy from McGill University
Ph.D. in French Literature from McGill.
a Canadian academic and

university administrator