WORD FORMATION

Содержание

1. WORD FORMATION
2. Groups of morphological word-formationMajor − highly productive
3. Affixation Affixation (derivation) is the formation
4. A STEM AND A ROOT A Stem −
5. A STEM AND A ROOT A
6. Types of stems Simple stems coincide with
7. Слайд 7
8. a suffix a derivational morpheme following
9. a prefix a derivational morpheme
10. Classifications of English affixesaccording to their: grammatical functions etymology productivity meaning
11. According to their grammatical functions:noun-forming -al (refusal),
12. According to their etymology: native-ling (OE) duckling-th (OE)length, strengthborrowed-ess (French)actress, poetess-ist (Greek)artist, economist
13. According to their productivity: productive take
14. Conversiona highly productive way of coining new
15. The telephone rang while I was eating
16. The most frequent types of conversion: from
17. Compounding - morphological joining of two or
18. by the juxtaposition of the parts: heartache
19. Shortening (Contraction) a rather highly productive way
20. Shortenings /clippings are produced in two different
21. informal shortenings - Who's the letter from?-
22. Sound interchange or gradation a productive way
23. Two groups of sound interchangeVowel interchangefull (adj.)
24. Stress Interchange is neither productive nor regular
25. Back-formation the derivation of new words by
26. Ellipsisleaving out a word or words in
27. Grammatical ellipsis - when grammatical words are
28. ONOMATOPOEIA the naming of an action
29. The cock cries: - in Russian
30. Some names of animals and especially
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Groups of morphological word-formationMajor − highly productive affixation conversion compounding Minor − less productive shorteningsound alteration stress interchange back-formation ellipsis onomatopoeia

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Слайд 1WORD FORMATION
Borrowing and word-building (or word-formation) provide

for enlarging and enriching the vocabulary of the language.

Word formation is the creation of new words from elements already existing in the language.

WORD FORMATION Borrowing and word-building (or word-formation) provide for enlarging and enriching the vocabulary of the

Слайд 2Groups of morphological word-formation
Major − highly productive

affixation

conversion
compounding
Minor − less productive

shortening
sound alteration
stress interchange
back-formation

ellipsis
onomatopoeia

Groups of morphological word-formationMajor − highly productive affixation conversion compounding Minor − less productive shorteningsound alteration stress interchange

Слайд 3Affixation
Affixation (derivation) is the formation of new words

by means of attaching affixes to a stem.

Affixation Affixation (derivation) is the formation of new words by means of attaching affixes to a

Слайд 4A STEM AND A ROOT
A Stem − the part of

a word which remains unchanged throughout its grammatical paradigm.
singer:

singer, singers, singer's, singers’

possesses both lexical and grammatical (part-of-speech) meaning.

A STEM AND A ROOT A Stem − the part of a word which remains unchanged throughout its

Слайд 5A STEM AND A ROOT
A Root − the

basic part of a word which remains unchanged in the

process of morphological derivation.
shows the lexical meaning of a word

heart, hearten, dishearten, heartily, heartless, hearty, heartiness, sweetheart, heart-broken, kind-hearted, whole-heartedly

A STEM AND A ROOT A Root − the basic part of a word which remains

Слайд 6Types of stems
Simple stems coincide with the roots of

words.
a work, a port, a book
Derived stems contain

one or more affixes.
a worker, bookish, skilful
Compound stems are made up of two or more simple stems.
a room-mate, a girlfriend

Types of stems Simple stems coincide with the roots of words. a work, a port, a

Слайд 7

Слайд 8a suffix
a derivational morpheme following the stem

and forming a new derivative in a different part of

speech or a different word class
–ify horr-ify, pur-ify, simpl-ify

a suffix a derivational morpheme following the stem and forming a new derivative in a different

Слайд 9 a prefix
a derivational morpheme standing before the

root and modifying meaning.
hearten - dishearten, sleep

- asleep
an infix
an affix placed within the word, like -n~ in stand or between stems. It is not productive.

Слайд 10Classifications of English affixes
according to their:
grammatical functions
etymology
productivity

meaning

Слайд 11According to their grammatical functions:
noun-forming
-al (refusal), -er (driver), -ure

(picture)
verb-forming
-ate (navigate), -ite (unite), -ify (simplify)
adjective-forming
-ous (famous), -y

(windy), -en (wooden)
adverb-forming
-ly (daily), -ward (forward), -wise (clockwise)

According to their grammatical functions:noun-forming -al (refusal), -er (driver), -ure (picture) verb-forming -ate (navigate), -ite (unite), -ify

Слайд 12According to their etymology:
native
-ling (OE)
duckling
-th (OE)
length, strength
borrowed
-ess

(French)
actress, poetess
-ist (Greek)
artist, economist

Слайд 13According to their productivity:
productive
take part in

deriving new words in a particular period of language development

-dom (OE)
kingdom, wisdom

non-productive
-ade (Latin)
blocade, lemonade
-ary (Latin)
legendary, reactionary
-ce (OE,Middle E)
once, twice

According to their productivity: productive take part in deriving new words in a particular period of

Слайд 14Conversion
a highly productive way of coining new words in Modem

English
an affixless way of word-building
making a new word from

some existing root word by changing the category of a part of speech, without changing the morphemic shape of the original word

Conversiona highly productive way of coining new words in Modem English an affixless way of word-buildingmaking a

Слайд 15The telephone rang while I was eating my toast.
He

would send a cable or telephone as soon as he

returned.
I have just received a bill from the telephone company.

The telephone rang while I was eating my toast. He would send a cable or telephone as

Слайд 16The most frequent types of conversion:
from noun to verb:

to hand, to back, to face, to eye, to mouth

from verb to noun:
do, go, make, run, find, catch, cut, walk, worry
from adjective to noun and to verb:
to pale, to yellow, to cool, to grey

The most frequent types of conversion: from noun to verb: to hand, to back, to face, to

Слайд 17Compounding
- morphological joining of two or more stems in

one word.
Peculiarities of compounding in English:
1. The regular pattern for

the English language is a two-stem compound.
2. Both stems of an English compound can function as independent words with a distinct meaning of their own.

Compounding - morphological joining of two or more stems in one word.Peculiarities of compounding in English:1. The

Слайд 18by the juxtaposition of the parts:
heartache n, heart-beat n,

mankind, peace-loving, take-off, everything
with the help of the linking

vowel / consonant o, e, s:
electromotive adj, speedometer n, Afro-Asian adj, statesman

Ways of forming compounds:

by the juxtaposition of the parts: heartache n, heart-beat n, mankind, peace-loving, take-off, everything with the help

Слайд 19Shortening (Contraction)
a rather highly productive way of word-building
involves

the shortening of both words and word-groups
is used

especially in American English

Shortening (Contraction) a rather highly productive way of word-building involves the shortening of both words and word-groups

Слайд 20Shortenings /clippings are produced in two different ways:
a new

word is made from a syllable of the original word:
-

phone from telephone
- hols from holidays, vac from vacation
- flu from influenza, fridge from refrigerator
a new word from the initial letters of a word group:
- UN from the United Nations

Shortenings /clippings are produced in two different ways: a new word is made from a syllable of

Слайд 21informal shortenings
- Who's the letter from?
- My g. f.
-

Didn't know you had girl-friends. A nice girl?
- Idiot! It's

from my grandfather!
More examples of informal shortenings: moving-picture — movie;
gentleman — gent;
spectacles — specs;

informal shortenings - Who's the letter from?- My g. f. - Didn't know you had girl-friends. A nice

Слайд 22Sound interchange or gradation
a productive way of word building

in OE
important for a diachronic study of the English

language
lost its productivity in ME and no new word can be coined by means of sound gradation
an alternation in the phonemic composition of the root

Sound interchange or gradation a productive way of word building in OE important for a diachronic study

Слайд 23Two groups of sound interchange
Vowel interchange
full (adj.) - fill (v.)
food

(n.) - feed (v.)
blood (n.) - bleed (v.)
strong (adj.) –

strength (n.)
long (adj) – length (n.).

Consonant interchange
use - to use
belief – to believe
house - to house
advice – to advise
life (n.) - live (v.)
bath (n.) - bathe (v.)

Two groups of sound interchangeVowel interchangefull (adj.) - fill (v.)food (n.) - feed (v.)blood (n.) - bleed

Слайд 24Stress Interchange
is neither productive nor regular
mostly happens in

disyllabic nouns and verbs of Romanic origin
accent,

compact, impact, compress, impress, conflict, contest, contract, extract, contrast, convict, essay, export, import, transport, increase, insult, object, subject, project, perfume, permit, present, produce, progress, protest, record, survey, transfer.

Stress Interchange is neither productive nor regular mostly happens in disyllabic nouns and verbs of Romanic origin

Слайд 25Back-formation
the derivation of new words by subtracting a real

or supposed affix from existing words through misinterpretation of their

structure
to beg from the French borrowing beggar
to burgle from burglar
to cobble from cobbler

Back-formation the derivation of new words by subtracting a real or supposed affix from existing words through

Слайд 26Ellipsis
leaving out a word or words in a phrase or

in a sentence when their absence does not affect the

meaning

is used for reasons of economy, emphasis, or style
may be grammatical and lexical.

Ellipsisleaving out a word or words in a phrase or in a sentence when their absence does

Слайд 27Grammatical ellipsis - when grammatical words are omitted.
When (I

was) a child, I often played in this garden.

Lexical ellipsis

may be considered one of the ways of word-formation.
weekly < from “weekly paper”
finals < from “final examinations”
мило < from “мильна опера”

Grammatical ellipsis - when grammatical words are omitted. When (I was) a child, I often played in

Слайд 28ONOMATOPOEIA
the naming of an action or thing by

a more or less exact reproduction of a natural sound

associated with it
Words coined by this type of word-building are made by imitating different kinds of sounds that may be produced by animals, birds, insects, human beings and inanimate objects.